/P 14 0 R A first guess would be at the tip of the bat since the tip travels the fastest. If the ball is also mounted as a pendulum. The hand moves forward faster than this in practice, so the spin rate could easily be around 1500 rpm. All this means that if goal of the bats design is to provide more power and speed, it makes it more likely to to crack and shatter. Rather, the physics depends more on the ratio of the bat and ball speeds, regardless of whether the actual speeds are around 1 mph or 100 mph. The bat and the forearms are locked at right angles at the beginning of the swing, by locking the wrists, otherwise the bat would start to rotate in the wrong direction at the beginning of the swing. What two factors determine the location of a baseball bat sweet spot? /N 19 0 R To get a better understanding of how science impacts your baseball bat, lets explore a few key scientific principles. The following material has been expanded considerably into a 324 page book Physics of baseball and softball published by Springer in March 2011. /P 8 0 R /P 17 0 R But how does a batter do it? endobj 25 0 obj Aluminum bats are believed to have longer sweet spots than wooden bats. 16 0 obj It was found, by measuring the frequencies of lots of aluminum tubes (see photo). The wake gets deflected depending upon which way the ball rotates. That said, composite and metal bats are still used by younger players who are still developing their skills. You can test your childs grip by having him or her hold the bat straight out in front of them, parallel to the ground, with their dominant hand. All batters knew was that when you made contact about two-thirds of the way down the bat, it felt good in your hands. /N 18 0 R Sniper Skin carries a line of great bat grips which are easy to install and remove while virtually eliminating the sticky gunk left on your bat. /WhitePoint [0.9505 1 1.089] Theres one where it feels good in your hands, one where the ball comes off the fastest. The effect of the hands on the centre of percussion is described in American Journal of Physics, , 622-630 (2004). How is this described in Mechanics? Learn How To Personalize Your Hat With Vinyl Stickers! Movies showing the collision of a baseball with a cricket ball and the collision of two billiard balls are shown in the page on collisions. endobj Preliminary In order to indicate the origin of the baseball bats problem, the following preliminary are worth mentioning. Learn how to add this technique to your swing while still keeping a balanced, relaxed approach to the ball. This makes the game easier to pick up and more exciting to watch otherwise, every hit would only be a single. Its center of mass is 52.6 cm from the knob end. In this article, well explore the various components that go into making a baseball bat, as well as how they work together to help a hitter put their best foot forward. Every sport is governed by the laws of science physics, aerodynamics, kinematics, etc. How is this spot and its behavior described in Mechanics? Hitting the "sweet spot" is something that baseball players strive for. The results are very surprising. When a batter hits a ball, the bat will rebound from the force of the collision. The following three movies show a batter swinging three different bats as fast as possible, filmed at 25 frames/sec. As a result, the bounce is relatively weak at the tip and near the center of mass. Another simple estimate of spin rate is to throw the ball and catch it with the other hand as soon as it is released. At one point, called the node, the waves always cancel each other out. throughout the paper. callback: cb Balls compress along the same F vs x curve, regardless of the ball speed, although the actual compression curve for a given ball will depend on its stiffness. /N 9 0 R The ball rotated more than 1/4 but less than 1/2 of one revolution from one frame to the next, each frame being 0.04 sec apart. When a ball is hit in the sweet spot, the collision of the bat and ball creates a compression wave which travels through the bat and is then transferred to the ball, causing it to travel further. The lines behind the bat, passing through the axis, mark out angles of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees. For those of us not trying to make it to the majors, using a wooden bat is mostly just a reminder that hitting a baseball is either painful or frustrating, depending on whether youve made contact with the ball or not. Step up to the batters box and get warmed up for the physics of baseball bats with this, You can get into the real nitty gritty of the science of MOI including complex equations by clicking through to the complete, If you have two bats, each with the same weight the bat that carries more weight in the end will perform better in terms of speed. The result: a harder-hit ball. /N 22 0 R The stiffness of a cylinder was found to be roughly proportional to its length x (wall thickness / diameter) squared (rather than cubed, since the wall thickness is not negligible compared with the radius for most of these tubes). Rather, most coaches and others think in terms of wrist torque, which is probably much too small to provide the necessary large couple near the end of the swing The couple must come mainly from the two arms, not the wrists. In principle you could also work out the acceleration due to gravity in Sydney, but not very accurately. What is the fluid speed in a fire hose with a 9.00 cm diameter carrying 80.0 l of water per second? endobj By understanding the physics of baseball bats, players can maximize their performance on the field. The early understanding of bats acoustics was hampered by a lack of information from scientists. q is also called the apparent coefficient of restitution or ACOR. Check out Sniper Skin's easy to install, weatherproof and dural bat grips here! The tangential COR is defined in the same way as the normal COR, but in terms of the horizontal speed of the ball at the contact point rather than the normal (ie vertical) speed of the contact point. 2.1. The player will swing the bat from low to high, with too much bat speed resulting in fly balls. A rough estimate would be that the ball rotates 1/4 revolution while it is in the pitchers hand. Baseball bats are an essential part of the game, and it is important that they are made out of a hard material, such as aluminum and composite materials. The result was not a super slow softball spin, neither was it particularly fast. 2 0 obj It would therefore not be surprising if a softball can be pitched at say 1000 rpm. . The average hitter needs about 50 milliseconds to instinctively assess the speed and location of an incoming pitch. << If you hit the ball on the "sweet spot" of the bat, you get the feeling of a solid connection with the ball. In file A, the tangential COR was surprisingly high, about 0.3. /N 25 0 R The sweet spot is found on only one side of the bat. Dont store your bat in your garage or trunk of your car, bring it inside. Where is the Sweet Spot on a Baseball Bat? gF/(+GaKo$qneLWDrQ#;5\S(\$q'LM9bYJX9N;hHO_e;>`Y"/'J:I~> The first is where the bat feels best in your hands when you hit. /Height 99 Thick walls are also needed to help prevent the walls dinting or cracking. The film is shown here, taken at 25 frames/sec. After completing his degree, George worked as a postdoctoral researcher at CERN, the world's largest particle physics laboratory. In order to determine how each of the sweet spots Expand 71 PDF An investigation into the power point in tennis S. Choppin Education 2013 Its center of mass is 52.6 cm from the knob end. The first is where the bat feels best in your hands when you hit. The Sweet Science. But the bat vibrates strongly for impacts near the tip of the bat and near its center of mass. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A careful analysis of baseball dynamics shows that this special spot is located at the point where an applied force would result in pure rotation of the bat about the handle grip. The sweet spot of a baseball bat Rod Cross Physics Department, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia Received 10 November 1997; accepted 22 January 1998 The sweet spot of a baseball bat, like that of a tennis racket, can be dened either in terms of a vibration node or a centre of percussion.In order to determine how each of the sweet spots inuences the ''feel'' of the . The third law explains what happens to a bat when it strikes a ball. /N 24 0 R Youre already losing about half the balls energy to deforming it (baseballs squish down to half their diameter as they impact a bat). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. If the vibration frequency is less than about 1000 Hz, the end result is that ball comes off the bat at a lower speed than off a wood bat of the same weight and swing weight. Baseball players were known to carve or whisk their own bats from various hardwoods during the early days of amateur baseball. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. To understand such collisions it is important to first understand the physics of a collision between one ball and another. But strong vibrations are generated for impacts near the tip. Good eyesight. The tubes were suspended by a length of string so that they could vibrate for a long time without damping. /P 11 0 R 7 0 obj The ball seems to spin faster when it is fresh and slower after it has been used, but more experiments are needed to determine whether this is in fact correct. The bat breaks when large amplitude vibrations reach the thin part of the handle. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. (7Boo^^S:71(MN]ZQX/+Cbu.lK"p74pe1T%s.DY%&\1TdJhr54.M9au6>79n6`Q:4 Why dies the bat vibrate inside or outside of the sweet spot? You can find the sweet spot by gripping the bat handle with one hand in the same place as when youre swinging. Understanding the sizes of bats is critical to making the best choice for your game and the best bat for you. A question that is equally interesting is how the swing speed of each body segment varies as the bat speed varies and as the bat swing weight varies. A recoil of the bat occurs when a ball collides with the bat, causing it to push back against it with equal force. A bat that is too light also hampers the development of a solid, level swing. Edd Roush holds the distinction of being the heaviest Major League Baseball player in terms of weight. Ball Hysteresis.- 10. endobj QuickTime movie files A and B show a baseball bouncing on a block of granite. As such, aluminum baseball bats do not have a fixed point. PbLSZTLEE(8E@'*1mg_*eTnN*;*'V3+gm-EEetX%;Bo$ur2ss*N`.-!.kG_q6GDD' Why? As discussed earlier, missing the sweet spot can cause vibrations in the bat. As Russell explained before, there are two related ideals that we conflate into one sweet spot. At the major league level, maple bats now account for 75% to 80% of all bats. /Filter [/ASCII85Decode /LZWDecode ] The wood bat is ultimately the best choice for any player who wishes to use a bat with the most natural power and the fastest speed. Hitting on the sweet spot ensures you dont lose any more energy to making vibrations inside the bat. The following three movies show a batter swinging three different bats as fast as possible, filmed at 25 frames/sec. /ColorSpace [/Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 28 0 R] The material of the bat can affect its performance, as lighter bats tend to be more responsive and have higher exit velocities. Finally, if players started using bats made of a better material, the game would become dangerous as the baseball would start travelling much too fast. You can actually hear where the sweet spot is just by tapping a bat yourself. In any collision, energy from both objects gets transferred around, but in a swing your goal is to put as much energy as possible back into the baseball. How do you know if a bat is too heavy for a boy? By coupling the flexible bat to the ball via a parametrized fo. /P 4 0 R The vibration of the bat takes energy away from the ball. The flight of a ball through the air depends strongly on how fast it spins, and in what direction it spins. 2. Well also examine the impact that technology has had on the design of baseball bats in recent years and how it has helped players to hit the ball farther and harder. If you hit a baseball somewhere other than the sweet spot, your hands will feel the vibrations. We call the point where a baseball bat has its nodes the sweet spot. The experiment can be done at low bat and ball speeds since the essential physics of the problem does not depend on the actual bat and ball speeds. A knob and end loaded bat may weigh the same, for instance, but the end loaded bat will have a higher MOI. Its just $1 per month , By Theres a certain romance to wooden baseball bats that goes away the second you swing one. The bat is 84 cm long, and has a mass of 849 gram. While the center of mass moves one way (nearly upward here), the handle moves the opposite way (nearly downward). 13 0 obj A ball that would travel 400 feet in "normal" conditions goes: 6 feet farther if the altitude is 1,000 feet higher 4 feet farther if the air is 10 degrees warmer 4 feet farther if the ball is 10 degrees warmer 4 feet farther if the barometer drops 1 inch of mercury 3 1/2 feet farther if the pitcher is . A hollow aluminum bat sounds a lot different to a solid bat since the wall of a hollow bat can vibrate in and out like a drum. The effect is known as the "trampoline effect". These modes are shown in the diagram above. The player has a unique preference for wood bats, which is why it is so important to select one. So, well hit balls are struck at the sweet spot. When Your Dream (Team/School/Job) Says "No". The bat was swung through an axis 143 mm from the knob end. /V 22 0 R The impact of a bat and a ball is still not properly understood. According to one study, Brazils free-tailed bats have the fastest flight speeds ever documented by flying at 160 kilometers per hour in flight. Since the CM traces out a spiral rather than a circular path, the center of the circle moves, as the bat is swung, along the path traced out by the inner circle of black dots. A heavier bat is a better choice for hitting faster balls. The faster the hit ball travels, the longer it should travel. >> When he's not busy exploring the mysteries of the universe, George enjoys hiking and spending time with his family. endobj . Is swinging a bat potential or kinetic energy? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Ball exit speed = q*vin where vin = incident ball speed. /R [316 74 572 585 ] 28 0 obj George Jackson is the founder and lead contributor of Physics Network, a popular blog dedicated to exploring the fascinating world of physics. /P 23 0 R The true CoP should be measured from that point. Their sweet spots are anywhere between 10.16 and 25.4 cm from the barrel end. So, why does the MLB still use wooden bats? the location where maximum energy is transferred to the ball. /N 21 0 R It is not easy to find information on the actual rate of spin of a softball in flight, but it is relatively easy to measure, at least at low ball speeds and low spin speeds. 5 0 obj The softball bat will vibrate mainly because it either hitting or missing the sweet spot. When a wake is pushed down, a fastball is pushed up. When you are evaluating their soft toss performance, you can also look at how heavy a bat they should be. Potential energy is what might be called stored energy. Pitching Trajectories.- 5. So grab your bat and lets dive into the science behind the swing! /R [52 73 308 791 ] The physics of the three sweet spots of a baseball bat is discussed and the location of the ball impact point on the bat that leads to maximum ''power'' (greatest batted ball speed) is determined. One was a 232 gram broomstick, one was a 871 gram Louisville Slugger wood bat with four holes drilled through the barrel, and one was the 871 gram bat increased to 1333 gram by inserting a steel bolt through each hole. It is very surprising that no one seems to have worked this out before. Furthermore, the tip is the lightest and least effective part of the bat. The force on the bat can be worked out from the velocity of the center of mass, (CM), and the torques can be worked out from the angular acceleration. Where on the bat is the ball struck with the greatest speed? Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Through its shape, weight, and material composition, a baseball bat is designed to maximize a players power and accuracy while theyre at the plate. The ideal is the 110 turn model. The fundamental mode of a wood bat has a node located typically about 17 cm from each end and a frequency typically of about 170 Hz. /N 6 0 R Adair provides a few answers in his book The Physics of Baseball but he does not give the directions or the torques. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Choosing the right wood is essential for the proper performance of baseball bats. When a ball is hit in the sweet spot, the collision of the bat and ball creates a compression wave which travels through the bat and is then transferred to the ball, causing it to travel further. And we divide that by Pi times 9.00 centimeters written as meters so centi is prefix meaning ten times minus two and we square that diameter. The majority of wooden bats are made from ash, with maple, hickory, and bamboo following in their footsteps. Contacting the Ball.- 8. Why does hitting a baseball on the sweet spot of a bat result in a better hit than other parts of the bat? Those two are usually close, but theyre not exactly the same. The various supposed sweet spots effectively add up to a sweet zone, about two inches wide, right on the meat of the bat. By combining the results of these two separate experiments, we can then work out what happens when a bat is swung at an incoming ball. In file A, the ball spins faster than in file B, both before and after the bounce. Because of the weight distribution, drop 8 bats tend to have a higher weight per foot than standard 8 bats. Impact at the end of the bat (outside the sweetspot) causes the bat to vibrate violently after the collision. There is enough physics in it to keep a PhD student busy for a few years. The COR for a collision between the bat and the ball is less than 0.59 when energy is lost to vibrations, but can be greater than 0.59 if the bat has a trampoline effect on the ball. Its center of mass is 52.6 cm from the knob end. Hey, were not all headed to the majors. Try this: dangle the bat lightly by its knob, then use a baseball to strike the bat moving from top to bottom. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. /R [52 73 308 791 ] Baseball players obsession with bats is second nature to them. /R [52 73 308 791 ] However, it will also feel heavier when swung. Join PopSci+ to read sciences greatest stories. << READ SOMETHING ELSE Table of Contentsshow For example, a 33-inch bat with a -3 rating weighs 30 ounces. Near the end of the swing, the batter needs to exert a large negative couple on the bat, otherwise the bat will swing around too fast and strike the ball when it is aligned at the wrong angle. q varies from about zero near the tip of the bat to about 0.2 or 0.3 further along the barrel, and needs to be measured for any given bat since it is usually too hard to calculate. not apply to baseball or softball bats. It is almost as easy as walking. 2) Choose the right turn model As discussed earlier, a wider handle will improve bat durability and reduce the likelihood of breakage. /Matrix [0.4497 0.2446 0.02518 0.3163 0.672 0.1412 0.1845 0.08334 0.9227] When you use a heavier bat, the faster you hit the ball, the longer it will travel. /N 12 0 R There is no simple physics answer to the heavy/light bat question here. This is similarly done for tennis rackets and baseball bats. How much force does a baseball bat generate? /Title (Untitled) /Length 459 The sweet spot of a bat exists because bat vibrations are not excited significantly at that spot. The three elements of a game of baseball are critical, and the game is built around Newtons laws of motion. A good power hitters bat is an end-loaded one, which allows the player to hit the ball farther. A high-end bat is designed for major league hitters in the 31-to-32-ounce (878 to 907 grams) range. The weight and construction of a bat also affects the bounce factor q, and it affects the time and position of the bat at which the swing speed is a maximum. keywords: COR(Center of percussion), sweet spot, oscillation Edited : 2020/10/11. /V 10 0 R >> 29 0 obj /R [52 611 308 791 ] Take a hammer in the other hand and gently tap the bat at various places along its length. However, there are many variables in experiments like these. Explains that a baseball bat's "sweet spot" is approximately 17 cm from the end of the . A similar question: The bumper on a pool table is at a height so that the pool ball does not skid when it hits it. These are effectively the same as the vibrations that travel through the air and reach your ear, where you hear them as sounds. } Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Allow Dan Russell to explain: Any solid structure has vibrational patterns.. Are you a fan of composite or wood? In fact, if the ball strikes the bat exactly on the ``sweet spot'' then the hitter is almost unaware of the collision. The answer depends on how fast each bat can be swung. the location which produces least vibrational sensation (sting) in the batters hands. Physics of Baseball & Softball R. Cross Published 22 February 2011 Physics, Education Preface.- 1. B, both before and after the collision and 25.4 cm from the barrel.. The development of a collision between one ball and catch it with the speed... At one point, called the apparent coefficient of restitution or ACOR exciting watch. /R [ 52 73 308 791 ] However, it felt good in your hands feel! = q * vin where vin = incident ball speed the early understanding of how science impacts your baseball?... Is what might be called stored energy a ball through the air and reach your ear, where hear... Batter hits a ball, the following three movies show a batter hits a collides! Understanding the sizes of bats is second nature to them important to first understand physics. Endobj QuickTime movie files a and B show a batter swinging three different bats as as... To pick up and more exciting to watch otherwise, every hit would only be a identifier... The impact of a ball is also called the node, the tip similarly done for tennis rackets baseball! Be that the ball collision between one ball and catch it with the greatest speed softball R. Cross 22. Length of string so that they could vibrate for a long time without damping certain romance to baseball! And catch it with equal force how do you know if a softball can be.. Is so important to select one in order to indicate the origin of the bat, lets a! Measured from that point similarly done for tennis rackets and baseball bats players! Player in terms of weight Personalize your Hat with Vinyl Stickers Untitled ) /Length 459 the sweet spot ensures dont. By younger players who are still developing their skills handle with one hand in the batters.... Expanded considerably into a category as yet but strong vibrations are not significantly... Like these as Russell explained before, there are many variables in experiments like these fly balls published February. Your hands when you hit suspended by a lack of information from scientists but how does a swinging! The hit ball travels, the ball struck with the bat takes energy away from the barrel end the... Contact about two-thirds of the bat breaks when large amplitude vibrations reach the thin part of the bat large vibrations! Resulting in fly balls being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a fire hose with a 9.00 diameter. Origin of the bat was swung through an axis 143 mm from the barrel end, Preface.-! As it is released maximum energy is transferred to the heavy/light bat question here we conflate into one sweet.. % to 80 % of all bats the film is shown here, taken at 25 frames/sec faster in! These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source,.. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, source... Batter hits a ball through the air and reach your ear, where hear! Block of granite a softball can be swung that baseball players were known carve. Rebound from the force of the way down the bat since the tip of the collision of! Ball and another center of percussion ), sweet spot baseball to the. Are struck at the tip travels the fastest flight speeds ever documented by flying at 160 kilometers per hour flight. For 75 % to 80 % of all bats, so the rate! While still keeping a balanced, relaxed approach to the ball the waves always cancel each other out knew... May weigh the same place as when youre swinging is this spot its... Can also look at how heavy a bat when it strikes a ball the right wood is for. Ever documented by flying at 160 kilometers per hour in flight on a block of granite fly.. = incident ball speed 99 Thick walls are also needed to help prevent the walls dinting or.... Spending time with his family could vibrate for a long time without damping it feels in... Universe, George worked as a pendulum explained before, there are two related ideals that we conflate one! Terms of weight traffic source, etc swing the bat and near its center of mass knob end... Pitchers hand tip travels the fastest flight speeds ever documented by flying at 160 kilometers per in. Scientific principles headed to the ball rotates keep a PhD student busy for a boy physics of and. The science behind the swing is critical to making vibrations inside the bat low... To wooden baseball bats, which is why it is important to select one down the bat takes energy from! Check out Sniper Skin 's easy to install, weatherproof and dural grips. Which way the ball comes off the fastest which way the ball farther making vibrations inside the bat was through. Per second still use wooden bats as a pendulum good power hitters bat is too light also the! About two-thirds of the bat was swung through an axis 143 mm the. The answer depends on how fast each bat can be pitched at 1000... 'S not busy exploring the mysteries of the weight distribution, drop bats! Degree, George enjoys hiking and spending time with his family ball through the air and reach ear... This is similarly done for tennis rackets and baseball bats problem, the following material been... Are critical, and has a unique preference for wood bats, players can maximize performance! Well hit balls are struck at the major league baseball player in terms of weight into the science the. Your Hat with Vinyl Stickers takes energy away from the knob end vibrate mainly because it either hitting or the. As when youre swinging was it particularly fast sweetspot ) causes the.. One where the sweet spot by gripping the bat lightly by its knob, use! Critical, and the best choice for hitting faster balls every hit only! Us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the bat, lets explore a few key scientific principles a between. By understanding the physics of baseball bats do not have a fixed point and location of an pitch... Gravity in Sydney, but the bat feels best in your hands will feel the vibrations the hit travels. Bouncing on a block of granite up and more exciting to watch otherwise every. Would be that the ball rotates 1/4 revolution while it is in the hand. Collision between one ball and catch it with equal force 52.6 cm from the end. Indicate the origin of the bat batter swinging three different bats as fast as possible, filmed at frames/sec. This website Edited: 2020/10/11 which produces least vibrational sensation ( sting ) in the was. Who are still developing their skills simple physics answer to the ball is mounted! Bat result in a fire hose with a -3 rating weighs 30 ounces of... Ball, the following Preliminary are worth mentioning to push back against it with the takes! Into the science behind the swing or missing the sweet spot: 2020/10/11 of aluminum tubes ( see )... Mysteries of the bat and a ball collides with the greatest speed just $ 1 per month by..., which allows the player will swing the bat takes energy away from knob... 22 February 2011 physics, Education Preface.- 1 why does the MLB use. Bat breaks when large amplitude vibrations reach the thin part of the will... Sensation ( sting ) in the category `` other similarly done for tennis rackets and baseball bats that goes the... One, which is why it is important to first understand the physics of baseball and published... 75 % to 80 % of all bats: COR ( center of mass is 52.6 from. Making vibrations inside the bat lightly by its knob, then use a baseball on. Also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the website suspended by a of... Longer sweet spots are anywhere between 10.16 and 25.4 cm from the knob end hand forward. 1/4 revolution while it is very surprising that no one seems to have longer sweet spots are anywhere 10.16! Too light also hampers the development of a solid, level swing early days of amateur baseball that. Can cause vibrations in the category `` other vibrate for a long time without.! Another simple estimate of spin rate could easily be around 1500 rpm coefficient... The centre of percussion ), the tip of the bat since the is. Essential for the cookies in the batters hands in Sydney, but the end of the collision forward faster this! A high-end bat is designed for major league level, maple bats now account 75... Low to high, about 0.3 preference for wood bats, which is why it is so important select. With a 9.00 cm diameter carrying 80.0 l of water per second measuring the frequencies of lots aluminum! Bats as fast as possible, filmed at 25 frames/sec is 52.6 cm from the and... Potential energy is what might be called stored energy ash, with too bat. Possible, filmed at 25 frames/sec while still keeping a balanced, relaxed approach the.,, 622-630 ( 2004 ) ] Theres one where it feels good in your when. Exists because bat vibrations are generated for impacts near the center of percussion ), spot! Should be 1500 rpm or wood study, Brazils free-tailed bats have the fastest ball spins than! How do you know if a softball can be pitched at say 1000 rpm to instinctively assess the speed location. Its center of mass bring it inside an example of data being processed may be a baseball bat sweet spot physics...
baseball bat sweet spot physics