Step 3: Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles (105km) southwest past present day Almo. He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons. There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers. The journey was very long and most of all HARD. Up every morning before daylight, breakfast, usually just coffee and a biscuit leftover from the ev Moreover, oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses. Being run over was a major cause of death, despite the wagons' only averaging 23 miles per hour. [84] As a result, "memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail."[84]. On May 1, 1839, a group of eighteen men from Peoria, Illinois, set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there. There, leaving the river, it crossed its first mountain ranges before heading across the arid and desolate Great Divide Basin. What was an example of a failed party? 3) You wouldn't have randomly forded a 40 foot deep river. After 1848, the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley, and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff, rejoining the trail near the future IdahoUtah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho. A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles. Step 2: Army. Between 1860 and 1870, the U.S. population increased by seven million; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states. The theory was that the front teams, usually oxen, would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across. 398 likes. Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River, Kansas River, Little Blue River, Elkhorn River, Loup River, Platte River, South Platte River, North Platte River, Laramie River, Green River, Bear River, two crossings of the Snake River, John Day River, Deschutes River, Columbia River, as well as many other smaller streams. From various starting points in Iowa, Missouri, or Nebraska Territory, the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny, Nebraska Territory, and led to fertile farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains. On the return trip in 1806, they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo Pass again. [70] The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles (27km) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River. [8] McLoughlin, despite working for the HBC, gave help in the form of loans, medical care, shelter, clothing, food, supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants. Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River. Because some people wanted to go to Utah and others wanted to go to Oregon. [88] Others would use discarded furniture, wagons, and wheels as firewood. In 1843, settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country. The Scotts Bluff National Monument William Henry Jackson Collection. By 6 am the men and boys hitched the wagons while everyone else ate breakfast. The "forty-niners" often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette-Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles (72km) of desert without water, grass, or fuel for fires. In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill. It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands, and from Russian Alaska into Mexican-controlled California. Maybe you shoot two or three bison. The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person. Portions of what was to become the Oregon Trail were first used by trappers, fur traders, and missionaries (c. 181140) who traveled on foot and horseback. They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada. A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man's wage was often $1 per day. State laws vary on the carrying of nonlethal weapons, such as pepper spray. In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind, rain and lightning storms. The British, through the HBC, tried to discourage any U.S. trappers, traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest. Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor, one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt. In addition, branches from each main trail provided connections to destinations in California, and a spur of the northerly Oregon route, part of the Oregon Trail, led to the Great Salt Lake region of what is now northern Utah. Since the game is easy for the banker, no point multipliers are applied. border). This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate, which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons, causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels. Other missionaries, mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains, established missions in the Willamette Valley, as well as various locations in the future states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. [77] In present-day Idaho, the state highway ID-78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail. Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939, 202,928 were sold to the public. [49], Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks, Chimney Rock, Scotts Bluff, and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte. [62] After getting into Utah, they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and citiesincluding Salt Lake City. Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of "Mirth, songs, dancing, shouting, trading, running, jumping, singing, racing, target-shooting, yarns, frolic, with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent. [80] Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen, a deciding factor for many emigrants. From the letter of Anna Maria King, in Covered Wagon Women, Volume 1, by Kenneth L. Holmes, ebook version, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, Page 41. These burned fast in a breeze, and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared. Press Enter Key to start or stop walking Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California, and thousands more on their way each year, it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred. Spare leather was used for repairing shoes, harnesses, and other equipment. [81] Some found oxen to be more durable. Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles. Carpenters get a 2x point multiplier, while farmers get a 3x point multiplier. Step 2: [81][82], In 1855, the typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 which would cost almost $5,000 today. ", The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869, the first transcontinental railroad, which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 (economy)[115]. The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838. Eight of our two families have gone to their long home. WebThe Sublette Cutoff lopped some 70 miles (110 km) off the main route by heading straight west across the desert from the Parting of the Ways trail divide (about 15 miles [25 km] Mosquitoes were constant pests, and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites. The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll ranging from $3 to $8. In what was dubbed "The Great Migration of 1843" or the "Wagon Train of 1843", an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon. The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow, crooked, muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe. It used 1,800 head of stock, horses, and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night. Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister, Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered: The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world. Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails. [citation needed]. The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman. In Idaho, it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake. The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Oregon-Trail, Kansas Historical Society - Kansapedia - Oregon-California Trail, Digital Atlas of Idaho - The Oregon and California Trail 1840 - 1860, Social Studies For Kids - The Oregon Trail, Oregon Trail - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Oregon Trail - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). "Treading the Elephant's Tail: Medical Problems on the Overland Trails". You obviously never played the game Oregon Trail. :) Where to start? Youre taking a long journey in a time when medicine consists of this kind After traveling the route, New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said, "I now know what Hell is like. In southwestern Wyoming, after having run largely westward for hundreds of miles, the route trended generally to the northwest as it traversed more mountains and then followed the relatively level plain of the Snake River in what is now southern Idaho. First released to the masses in 1974 by MECC, The Oregon Trail stands out as the most important educational game of all time, holding a worthy spot in the Video Game Hall of Fame. While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove, the Oregon Trail's primary starting point was Independence, Missouri, or Westport, (which was annexed into modern day Kansas City), on the Missouri River. [80] The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants. [40] The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California. "[14] In 1830, William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte, North Platte, and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney, Wyoming. There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall. [65] The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present-day Soda Springs. The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles (210km) long. By 5 am breakfast was prepared, while the animals were rounded up after a night of grazing. In 1834, The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River. [84][85] Marcy's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes, greens, and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available, citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water. Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load, or in case of emergency. It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass, requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water. [85], Emigrant families, who were mostly middle-class, prided themselves on preparing a good table. Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers: oxen, mules, and horses. After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River. In the early years, Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City, where supplies of all kinds were needed. Go to the classicreload site. In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon. In January 1848, James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River, sparking the California Gold Rush. The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River. Many were discouraged by the cost, effort and danger of the trip. Need help disabling your ad blocker? After traveling down the Salt River Valley (Star Valley) about 20 miles (32km) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn, and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek. Press Keyboard right side: Alt+Enter keys to switch to full screen game play, and Alt+Enter keys to return. A few estimates indicate that up to 10% of those who set out to travel may have died along the way. The traffic in later years is undocumented. Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail, there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte, North Platte, Snake, and Columbia rivers. [41] In 1852, there were even records of a 1,500-turkey drive from Illinois to California. Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site (Fort Nez Perces was later established there). (The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more.) What was life like on the trail? From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte.[51]. On the main trail about 5 miles (8.0km) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth's Cutoff (established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users) took off from the main trail heading almost due west, bypassing Fort Hall. The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass, Wyoming. Starting initially in Independence, Missouri, or Kansas City in Missouri, the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River. The Oregon Trail's nominal termination point was Oregon City, at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory. He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system. [80] As a result, several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod. Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes[94] has estimated the number of emigrants for 18611867 given in the total column of the above table. US-30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier. [78], Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail.[79]. OTHER items taken on the trail included farm implements, cooking utensils, bedding, tools, personal possessions such as books, Bibles, trail guides, writing quills, ink and paper for letters. Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers' taking the Central Nevada Route. The road continued almost due north along the present day WyomingIdaho western border through Star Valley. The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging "steamboat" springs. The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail. Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate, as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868. In Central Oregon, there was the Santiam Wagon Road (established 1861), which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley. [76], The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south. At around 6 pm the wagons were circled. [33] It is estimated that about two-thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity. Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks. The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies, do repairs, get medical aid, or mail a letter. The Emigrant Experience . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips. This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons. The men followed the Missouri River upstream from St. Louis to Arikara Indian villages in what is now South Dakota and then struck out on the difficult trek across the plains and mountains through Wyoming and Idaho to Oregon. [84] From rivers and lakes, emigrants also fished for catfish and trout. By 1870, the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels. Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare) with a limit of 320 acres (1.3km2)the same as most other unimproved government land. Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie, Wyoming, from about 1849 to 1855. The character you pick will determine the difficulty level of the game since the banker can afford food and supplies for most of the trip, while the carpenter has a smaller budget, and the farmer must rely mostly on skills to maneuver the trial. Emergency supplies, repairs, and livestock were often provided by local residents in California, Oregon, and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow. Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840. The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief. Its Quinault interpreter survived, and later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction. Ferries here transferred them across the Green River. At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed. Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries (in dry years it could be forded without a ferry) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present-day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie. In general, as little road work as possible was done. [80] Others, by contrast, believed that mules were more durable, and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen. The episode of Teen Titans Go! ", and the emigrants started off for the day. When you start at Independance try to buy as much supplies as you can. Running from 1857 to 1861, the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000/yr. In the 1840s-1850s it was flintlock rifles and fowling pieces/shotguns or the muskets. Flints could be obtained much more easily (made from local [10][11] This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley, with their promise of free land and HBC-free government. It is made Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin, Arrow Rock, and Fort Osage.[46]. Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip (as recorded in numerous diaries) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later. McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon. Initially, only upper class migrants typically used canned goods. Fort Kearny (est. Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month, or less, depending on availability of good grass, water, and fuel. Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas, Nebraska and Wyoming. [80] While no reins, bits, or halters were needed, the trainer had to be forceful. Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times, far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states. "The Oregon Trail" is a song written by Peter DeRose and Billy Hill, recorded by singing cowboy artist Tex Ritter in 1935, and by Australian country musician Tex Morton in 1936. Along the Mormon Trail, the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money. Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon. Professional tools used by blacksmiths, carpenters, and farmers were carried by nearly all. The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the educational video game series The Oregon Trail, which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1848, the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley,[63] and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails. The deep, wide, swift, and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River, was usually at high water in July and August, and it was a dangerous crossing. Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast; however, the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains, Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass, turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work. [9] Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont, Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound. Canning also added weight to a wagon. Disease was the main killer of trail travelers; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855. The Applegate Trail (established 1846), cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada, crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley. The most popular was the Barlow Road, which was carved through the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock. Upon return in early August, Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa, Nevada. [21][22] They were led initially by John Gantt, a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person. From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho. [54] From Fort Bridger, the main trail, comprising several variants, veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley. [6] This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape. Type "chrome://extensions" into your browser's address bar and click enter. The first land route across the present-day continental United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806. [32] About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year and they were charged with establishing farms, growing crops, building fences and herds, and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years. In 1841, the Bartleson-Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west. From 1812 to 1840, the British, through the HBC, had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail. [95] According to several sources, 3 to 10percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west.[96]. [29], Similarly, emigrant Martha Gay Masterson, who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13, mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps.[30]. This trip typically took four to seven months (120 to 210 days) and cost about $350 to $500. Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River. After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River, crossing many small swift-flowing creeks. Native attacks increased significantly after 1860, when most of the army troops were withdrawn, and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country, often encroaching on Native American territory. Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or natives. That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws. As the North Platte veers to the south, the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley, which heads almost due west. WebOregon Trail Firearms Training, Eagle Creek, Oregon. During the 1849 gold rush, Fort Laramie was known as "Camp Sacrifice" because of the large amounts of merchandise discarded nearby. Of course In 1846, the Mormons, expelled from Nauvoo, Illinois, traversed Iowa (on part of the Mormon Trail) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha, Nebraska. One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs. Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War, the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats from the Midwest to various towns and cities along the trails. Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail. Under Hunt, fearing attack by the Niitsitapi, the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Oxen hooves are cloven (split), and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal, one on each side of the hoof. They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection. [71][72], Goodale's Cutoff, established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River, formed a spur of the Oregon Trail. [36] Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush, and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California (and other western states) until about 1950. [84] Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat, which could make bacon go rancid. Oregon Trail Deluxe - Play Game Online Oregon Trail Deluxe 5.00 6 Play Game Organ Trail X Trail Racing Zombie Trailer Park Semi Driver 3D: Trailer Parking Powerpuff Girls Trail Blazer HappyTrailz IO Trailblazer Gravity Trails advertisement Arcade Spot Games Classic Oregon Trail Deluxe Game Information [20] The party was led by Elijah White. After 1846, the towns of Council Bluffs, Iowa, Omaha (est. WebObstacles included accidental discharge of firearms, falling off mules or horses, drowning in river crossings, and disease. class="statcounter" He and Shoshone wife Sacagawea were instrumental members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition (180406), the governments first attempt to systematically explore, map, and report on its newly acquired lands and the Oregon country that lay beyond them. Once they arrived at their new western home, women's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East. [34] 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States, and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to Californiamost buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska. The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of its own. Traffic became two-directional as towns were established along the trail. [111] Diseases could spread particularly quickly because settlers had no place to quarantine the sick and because poor sanitation was typical along the route.[112]. Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood, some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River. The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing (near present-day Glenns Ferry. Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth, falling trees, flash floods, homicides, kicks by animals, lightning strikes, snake bites, and stampedes. WebThe Oregon Trail is a series of educational computer games.The first game was originally developed by Don Rawitsch, Bill Heinemann, and Paul Dillenberger in 1971 and From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains. From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creekabout 10 feet (3.0m) wide and 1 foot (0.30m) deepbefore hitting the Green River. The Oregon Trail, which stretched for about 2,000 miles (3,200 km), flourished as the main means for hundreds of thousands of emigrants to reach the Northwest from the early 1840s through the 1860s. The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans, Louisiana, to Coln, Panama ($80$100), across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ($25) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ($100$150).
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