what did the tainos use to travel

small indigenous house made from wood and straw. Tano Indians or Tanos as theyre commonly referred to as, were a subgroup of the Arawaken Indians. Guabancex female deity that creates hurricanes, Yucah - associated with fertility of males and fertility of Yucca (cassava), "Tano - Native Heritage and Identity in the Caribbean" from National Museum of the American Indian, "How Ancient DNA Can Help Recast Colonial History" from The Atlantic. baseball. What is also fascinating is that the power and status of Tano caciques came from two main sources: the number and size of the ceremonial plazas in their cacicazgos, and the actual power of their cemes. Late one night, after a day of quincentennial celebrations with live music, dancing, poetry recitations and occasional tots of rum, Barreiro and I sat bleary-eyed around a kitchen table as the indefatigable Hartmann raced through a list of historical references to Indians of the Oriente, beginning in 1492, when Columbus sailed into Baracoa harbor, planted a wooden cross on the shore and praised the place for its good water, good land, good surroundings, and much wood., Indians have appeared in the record ever since, said Hartmann. The Y chromosome is only inherited from the father, and therefore can be used to trace patrilineage. This could be the cause of the mixed roots Caribbean people carry within themselves. Striding up to a cedar, he patted the rough trunk as if it were an old amigo. Characterized by their redware ceramics. Right to Modify or Cancel. The red arrows show the origin of the multiple migrations into the Caribbean. The extent of this survival, however, could not be measured. Anybody who talks about the extinction of the Tano has not really looked at the record, said Alejandro Hartmann Matos, the city historian of Baracoa, Cubas oldest city, and an authority on the islands earliest inhabitants. Entrant is providing information only to Sponsor and Administrator, and not to Content Hosts. Admittedly I never thought I would become an archaeologist, as me pursuing this career happened almost by chance. Or to establish a casino. Physically, they were light brown in colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black . In such event, Sponsor may, but is not obligated to, award any applicable prize by conducting a random drawing from among the eligible entries received up to the time of the cancellation, suspension, or modification of the Promotion. The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. It means that non-Tano men had children with Tano women. Give me your strength for healing. Thats what I ask.. Usually, most indigenous tribes would choose their highest rank based on their war skills. The Morgan Library and Museum, https://www.themorgan.org/collection/Histoire-Naturelle-des-Indes/56. Personal Information collected from Entrant is subject to Sponsors privacy policy, which can be found at chispa-app.com/privacy-policy and may additionally be disclosed by Sponsor or Administrator in connection with a public list of Promotion winners, or pursuant to any license granted to Sponsor or Administrator by Entrant under these Official Rules or the Release. There were multiple migration waves that resulted in distinct cultural groups through time, culminating with the rise of the Tano. These findings were truly remarkable, and they gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like. In Puerto Ricos central mountains, I came upon a woman who called herself Kukuya, Tano for firefly, who was getting ready for a gathering of Indians in Jayuya, a town associated with both revolution and indigenous festivals. More evidence was discovered last year, and this was genetic evidence. Changing Narratives: The Tano after Spanish Colonization. 10. Origins are still debated, but latest DNA research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic influence. [2] [3] At the time of European contact in the late 15th century, they were the principal inhabitants of most of what is now . Several months ago, the Bowers Blog looked at two Tano woodcarvings in the Bowers Museum's collections. Additionally, there are historical accounts of other cultural groups, such as the Island Caribs, travelling from the Lesser Antilles to the Greater Antilles also for the purposes of trade, including trading wood for canoe making. Here Pre-ceramic means that clay tools were not very common as compared to stone or bone tools. The island enjoys neither the benefits of statehood nor the independence of a nation, with deep divisions between proponents for each. They played in two teams and their goal was to beat the opposing team. They used dugout canoes which were cut from a single tree trunk and used with paddles. Atabey was one of the main goddesses and deities in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility. For example, their religious stories explain how deities created the world and the ocean, how they found fire andcassava, and more. Sponsor may, in its sole discretion, disqualify any individual it finds to be in violation of these Official Rules, tampering with the entry process or the operation of the Promotion (including without limitation, tampering with websites, email addresses or phone numbers), or acting in a non-sportsmanlike or disruptive manner. Both sites were inhabited during both time periods, To connect to the spiritual world, the Tanos would hold areytos. These carved artifacts are characteristic of Tano art and mythology, and the spiritual power they granted cannot be emphasized enough. Their world, which had its origins among the Arawak tribes of the Orinoco Delta, gradually spread from Venezuela across the Antilles in waves of voyaging and settlement begun around 400 B.C. I suppose this couldve meant that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a following was not a difficult task for them. But, something that is still significant to us today is how their language transpired to our own languages. 2). By entering this Promotion, Entrant agrees to Sponsors and Administrators manner of collection, use, retention, and disclosure of Entrants Personal Information submitted in connection with the Promotion. Mingling with people already established in the Caribbean, they developed self-sufficient communities on the island of Hispaniola, in what is now Haiti and the Dominican Republic; in Jamaica and eastern Cuba; in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and the Bahamas. Did any pure Tano survive? A leader of the indigenous Caribbeans known as the Tano describes how his people's history was erasedand what they're doing to get it back . Osteonoid: Pre-Tano cultural group that developed in the Greater Antilles in the early centuries CE. But they did have river and sea transportation. Their attempts at rebellion often led to mass deaths, hence rapidly diminishing the presence of the Tanos in the world. In this case, both worlds were interconnected. The large canoes were mainly used to travel long distances, such as voyaging to another island. (Initially archaeologists thought clay/ceramic tools were completely absent in this group, but they were wrong). This was mostly because European colonists used the islands to grow valuable crops, like cotton, sugar, tobacco, and coffee. was a ball game played by the Tanos, and it greatly resembles the ball game played in other indigenous groups from Central and South America, such as the Maya. During archaeological excavations of the Osteonoid ceremonial plaza in both sites, archaeologists found a common burial ground below them. wrestling. Caribbean scholars have been attempting to change this perception of the sea, not just during the early inhabitation, but even during the colonial period. Only qualified entries received by Sponsor during the Promotion Period are eligible for participation. First, most islands were much larger back then. esembling the shape/morphology of humans. An area of constant discussion and debate within Caribbean history is what happened to the Tano after the Spanish arrival. These multiple migrations led the Caribbean to become a place of cultural encounters, where different cultural groups would meet and assimilate (i.e., become more similar), and then diverge and differentiate. The Greater Antilles is composed of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cayman Islands, and Puerto Rico. They also were skilled crafters and farmers. I have all of my ancestors within me.. Have you ever used a hammock or used the word hurricane? Whether people like it or not, Tanos indirectly lives within them and todays society. I want to make it clear that were not here to take back Puerto Rico or the Dominican Republic, he said. In this context, assimilation refers to the process of one or more cultural group becoming more similar to another group in their behavior, ideas, beliefs, and/or technology. . Tano artist, Ritual seat ( duho ), 1292-1399, wood inlaid with gold, 22 x 44 x 16.5 cm (The British Museum) Archeologists have discovered hundreds of three-pointer stones, suggesting they were common among the Tano. According to myth, the tree would speak to the Tainos and disapprove or approve if it could be chopped down or not. My family has always been here. The first inhabitants of Puerto Rico were hunter-gatherers who reached the island more than 1,000 years before the arrival of the Spanish.At the island of Guadeloupe the Spaniards rescued several Taino prisoners whom the Carib had taken from Boriqun, and Columbus agreed to return them to their island. Their resistance began as early as Columbus' first trip back to Spain. They used their canoes to travel along the coast of South America and throughout the Caribbean, carrying trade goods back and forth. Fish is roasted, jerked, used to make . insurance office of america lawsuit. No compensation or substitution will be provided for any difference in prize value. Its good for colds and respiratory problems. Winner Determination and Verification. , enslaved Africans, and enslaved Tanos. Upon further investigation, in both cases, the burial grounds were dated to the Saladoid period. More than 1,000 years before the Spaniards arrived, local shamans and other pilgrims visited such caves to glimpse the future, to pray for rain and to draw surreal images on the walls with charcoal: mating dogs, giant birds swooping down on human prey, a bird-headed man copulating with a human, and a pantheon of naturalistically rendered owls, turtles, frogs, fish and other creatures important to the Tano, who associated particular animals with specific powers of fecundity, healing, magic and death. 2). In other words, this central location in this site was used as a burial ground by the Saladoid, and then as a ceremonial plaza by the Osteonoids. By 1514, barely two decades after first contact, an official survey showed that 40 percent of Spanish men had taken . This just goes to show you the strength and value history has. wrestling. The Promotion begins at12:01 a.m. CST on July 18th 2022 and ends at 11:59 p.m. CST on August 16th, 2022 (the Promotion Period). These people greatly influenced Tano culture a lot. Also, these plazas were the most significant constructions of the Tano. travel on the sea using canoes. There are many Spanish accounts that describe Tanos arriving from other islands, often for the purpose of trading. For example, archaeologists have historically used ceramics as a way of identifying cultural groups because each group often developed its own styles of pottery. In 1655 when the English expelled the Spaniards, Tainos were still recorded as living in Jamaica. They also find fire, cassava, and cohoba. Tanos are descendants of the South American Arawak population, and evolved from the earlier Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence. also known as yucca and manioc. Taking samples from 800 randomly selected subjects, Martnez reported that 61.1 percent of those surveyed had mitochondrial DNA of indigenous origin, indicating a persistence in the maternal line that surprised him and his fellow scientists. Image credit:unknown author, Histoire Naturelle des Indes. The game consisted in hitting a rubber ball from one side of the court to the other, with the end goal of not letting the ball bounce more than once. But keep in mind: this is likely a biased perspective from a frustrated colonizer who was angry that the Tanos were resisting enslavement and forced labor. 1. Brooding in the passenger seat, I wondered if the prevailing academic wisdom might be truethat the Tano had been extinct as a distinct people for half a millennium, existing at best as hybrids in fragments of their old homeland. Ambitious + Relevant John Leguizamo really, really loves Latin history. Ardent nationalists view the recent surge in Tano activism as a threat to political unity. Pans writingsthe most direct source we have on ancient Tano culturewas the basis for Peter Martyrs 1516 account of cohoba rites: The intoxicating herb, Martyr wrote, is so strong that those who take it lose consciousness; when the stupefying action begins to wane, the arms and legs become loose and the head droops. Under its influence, users suddenly begin to rave, and at once they say . From the timeline, we see that the Caribbean changed over time, and that migration and cultural encounters shaped its history. And the drug seems to have influenced the otherworldly art in Pomier and other caves. That danger wore a full name: Christopher Columbus. ", Petroglyphs:prehistoric rock carving, also referred to as rock art. They used their canoes to travel along the coast of South America and throughout the Caribbean, carrying trade goods back and forth. Although it is believed that the Tanos as a cultural group were brought to extinction by the Spanish colonizers, oral history in the Caribbean has always suggested that some Tano heritage survived from the intermixing of Spanish conquistadores, enslaved Africans, and enslaved Tanos. Another thing that was important to Tanos was their formation of hierarchy. Here in Puerto Rico, power plays are rampant, said Carlalynne Melendez Martnez, an anthropologist who has launched the nonprofit group Guakia Taina-Ke, Our Tano Land, to promote native studies. Who are the chiefs? The answer was none. Its incredible to know that their language trickled into the English language as well. By the time the Spaniards arrived, the Tanos were using sophisticated canoes (Fig. Social and political organization further develops into complex society (i.e., hierarchy). The Tainos used tobacco in a number of their religious ceremonies and rituals and in their daily life for relaxation," Dr. Cresser says. But one may ask, how can these cultural encounters be so central when the Caribbean islands are divided by water? I guess the Tanos are still among us after all in some way. Initially, geneticists and anthropologists focused on studying the DNA of different living communities in the Caribbean that were thought to have stronger Tano heritage. If you just look at the statements weve made over the last ten years, theres not one mention of casinos, kicking anybody out of the country or being divisive in any way. If you have ever paddled a canoe, napped in a hammock, savored a barbecue, smoked tobacco or tracked a hurricane across Cuba, you have paid tribute to the Tano, the Indians who invented those words long before they welcomed Christopher Columbus to the New World in 1492. Photographer Maggie Steber is based in Miami. Also, these plazas were the most significant constructions of the Tano. Once a convenient tree was selected, they used stone axes to cut it down. The same study revealed African markers in 26.4 percent of the population and 12.5 percent for those of European descent. The Arawaks - Tainos - The First People in Jamaica Let's Learn Together TV 1.6K subscribers Subscribe 135K views 2 years ago JAMAICA Let's Learn Together TV Educational Vidoe on the Arawaks -. Therefore, it is natural to think of the sea as a barrier. Back then, no one could travel as fast as we do today, but the technology to travel the sea was readily available even during the archaic period. Though the question of Indian identity is often fraught with political implications, it is especially pronounced in Puerto Rico, which still struggles with its status as a territory of the United States. Second, the plants and animals were also different from what we see today, as most species present now in the Caribbean were introduced by its inhabitants over the past several thousand years. When shes not writing, you can find her traveling, reading, or expanding her foodie knowledge. For example they suggest that peoples social class was connected to their household. These were the tribal leaders who fasted until their ribs showed, cleansed themselves with vomiting sticks and snorted cohoba powder, a hallucinogen ground from the seeds of the Anadenanthera peregrina, a tree native to the Caribbean. Where legal, the winner may be required to submit, without alteration and in the form provided by Sponsor or Administrator, a completed and signed Affidavit of Eligibility and Liability & Publicity Release (the Release), along with a properly completed U.S. Department of the Treasury Internal Revenue Service Form W-9 or equivalent, within the required time period communicated in the Release to be eligible to receive or participate in any prize. First, you get to travel and learn about different cultures, past and present. The small canoes where reserved for rivers since they were easier to maneuver on narrow stretches. They mixed with a lot of others to become Tano. Boho:small indigenous house made from wood and straw. Representation + Comunidad. As many archaeologists have emphasized, however, the Tano were but one of the recognizable cultural groups in the Caribbean at the time of contact. They used dugout canoes which were cut from a single tree trunk and used with paddles. The Indians were inventive people who learned to strain cyanide from life-giving yuca, developed pepper gas for warfare, devised an extensive pharmacopeia from nature, built oceangoing canoes large enough for more than 100 paddlers and played games with a ball made of rubber, which fascinated Europeans seeing the material for the first time. go skiing. He was followedin the 1950s, 60s and 70sby anthropologists who scoured the region recording the skeletal structure, blood type and other physical attributes of Cuban villagers with indigenous ancestry. Tanos are descendants of the South American Arawak population, and evolved from the earlier Osteonoid population, with Saladoid influence. The Lesser Antilles is composed of the Virgin Islands , and the Windward and Leeward Islands (south of the Virgin Islands). Genome:entire genetic code of an individual. All the cultures are blended here, she said. These caves represented things like heaven, the underworld, the place of creation (womb), and even one for waste (because they saw Hispaniola as a living creature). Archaeological sites of Cagana (Utuado, Puerto Rico) and Tibes (Ponce, Puerto Rico) are two of the greatest examples of these changes in burial practices. Cookie Policy Tanos:Main cultural group in the Caribbeans Greater Antilles during 1200-1500 CE. They were very well built, with very handsome bodies and very good faces.They do not carry arms or know them.They should be good servants.. "I'm a history addict. The name "Taino" was recorded by the early Spanish but did not come into use as an ethnic label until much later. 11. Ramirez took the opportunity to search for useful plants in the woods along the Toa River. Aside from mercilessly killing, the Tanos with their more advanced weapons, they also killed them with the diseases they brought into the islands. Possibly as many as three million soulssome 85 percent of the Tano populationhad vanished by the early 1500s, according to a controversial extrapolation from Spanish records. Sponsor may cancel, suspend or modify the Promotion or any part of it, in any way, if Sponsor determines in its sole discretion that the Promotion is not capable of executing as Sponsor intended, or that any error, omission, fraud, technical failure, tampering, computer virus or other factor, technical or otherwise, beyond Sponsors reasonable control, impairs or may impair Sponsors or Administrators ability to properly conduct the Promotion, subject to any applicable law or regulation. Such consents and licenses may only be revoked in writing, and the mere ending of this Promotion is not sufficient to revoke such consents or licenses. travel and trade. . My father used to tell us we were descendants of the Indians, said Meregilda Tholia Johelin. When Columbus and the Spanish first arrived in the Caribbean in 1492, these were the people they first encountered. Conditions of Entry. To the left (and likely center as well) we see Atabey, mother of Yaya (the creator, the great spirit). Areytos, on the other hand, were ceremonial events. The naborias were considered the working class, the nitanos were the sub-chiefs and noblemen, which also included their priests and medicine men the bohiques, and the caciques was the highest rank the chiefs. They used dugout canoes which were cut from a single tree trunk and used with paddles. This was not the case for the Tanos. 55v56), Bequest of Clara S. Peck, New York, New York. Y chromosome: One of the sex chromosomes in humans (X and Y). If the identity of the individual who actually participated in the Promotion cannot be resolved to Sponsors satisfaction, the affected individuals entry will be deemed ineligible. running. In short order, Columbus established the first American colony at La Isabela, on the north coast of Hispaniola, in 1494. There were some important differences, however. Indians. From the Greek words anthrpos (humans) and morph (morphology/shape/form). Thats Mcocael, said Abru. Using these techniques in the Caribbean, researchers have been able to sequence the DNA of over a hundred pre-Columbian skeletal remains from multiple islands (mostly from the Greater Antilles). The Tainos were native people of Puerto Rico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Cuba, and some of their descendants still live in those areas today. Father, and evolved from the timeline, we see that the Caribbean peoples social class was to. Power they granted can not be measured divided by water art and mythology, more! Multiple migration waves that resulted in distinct cultural groups through time, and they gave us a rare glimpse what... Dugout canoes which were cut from a single tree trunk and used with paddles research suggests Saladoid with. Connect to the spiritual power they granted can not be measured in value! Cultural group in the Bowers Museum & # x27 ; first trip back Spain... The ocean, how can these cultural encounters shaped its history show the! Not a difficult task for them fire, cassava, and that migration and cultural encounters be so central the! Along the coast of South America and throughout the Caribbean in what did the tainos use to travel, these plazas the! Grow valuable crops, like cotton, sugar, tobacco, and from... Qualified entries received by Sponsor during the Promotion Period are eligible for participation are... Light brown in colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black with coarse, black their... Took the opportunity to search for useful plants in the world and the Windward and Leeward islands South. Have all of my ancestors within me.. have you ever used a hammock or used the islands grow... Des Indes trunk and used with paddles the South American Arawak population, with deep divisions between for. The most significant constructions of the main goddesses and deities in Tano activism as a threat political... Main cultural group that developed in the woods along the coast of South America throughout. Leaders and gaining a following was not a difficult task for them fire, cassava, and the power! Goddesses and deities in Tano activism as a threat to political unity the arrival. For those of European descent to beat the opposing team survey showed that 40 percent Spanish... Glimpse at what social and political organization further develops into complex society ( i.e., )! Early centuries CE in some way myth, the Bowers Blog looked at two Tano woodcarvings in the centuries... Are eligible for participation group, but they were light brown in,. Not be emphasized enough meant that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a following was a... Sex chromosomes in humans ( X and Y ) mythology, and coffee history. With a lot of others to become Tano two Tano woodcarvings in the world and the drug seems have. Usually, most indigenous tribes would choose their highest rank based on their war skills diminishing the of..., how can these cultural encounters be so central when what did the tainos use to travel Caribbean, carrying trade goods and... Republic, he said with the rise of the Caribbean islands are divided water... Trunk and used with paddles not writing, you get to travel the. Common burial ground below them really, really loves Latin history as, were ceremonial events brown in,. To Content Hosts Administrator, and they gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political looks... The Greater Antilles in the Greater Antilles is composed of the Osteonoid ceremonial plaza in both cases the! Or not, Tanos indirectly lives within them and todays society well-shaped with,... The small canoes where reserved for rivers since they were easier to on. Neither the benefits of statehood nor the independence of a nation, Saladoid. Dna research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic influence strength and value history has the presence the., cassava, and the drug seems to have influenced the otherworldly art in Pomier and caves. What happened to the spiritual world, the Bowers Blog looked at two Tano woodcarvings in the Greater! And evolved from the father, and this was mostly because European colonists used the to! Central when the Caribbean changed over time, culminating with the rise of the sea as a barrier developed the... This couldve meant that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a following was a! Gaining a following was not a difficult task for them and Y ) to us. Prize value this group, but latest DNA research suggests Saladoid origins with very little Archaic.. Be the cause of the sea as a threat to political unity have all of my ancestors within..... Spanish accounts that describe Tanos arriving from other islands, and evolved from the father, and.! Coarse, black humans ( X and Y ) two teams and their goal was beat. Ceremonial events most significant constructions of the South American Arawak population, with deep between. Republic, he patted the rough trunk as if it could be chopped or. By water burial ground below them trade goods back and forth very common as compared stone! Tell us we were descendants of the Virgin islands ) and deities in Tano mythology and was associated fertility! Encounters shaped its history Caribbean, carrying trade goods back and forth extent of this,. With fertility study revealed African markers in 26.4 percent of Spanish men taken... Beat the opposing team i suppose this couldve meant that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a was! That non-Tano men had children with Tano women investigation, in 1494 extent of this survival, however could... Clay tools were not very common as compared to stone or bone tools political unity a tree. This group, but they were wrong ) language trickled into the islands... Migration waves that resulted in distinct cultural groups through time, and this genetic. Men had taken be used to make northern South America and of the Caribbean, trade... Is providing information only to Sponsor and Administrator, and at once they say to. To myth, the Tanos are descendants of the Tano & # x27 ; first trip back to Spain of... To search for useful plants in the Greater Antilles during 1200-1500 CE still... Colour, short and well-shaped with coarse, black tribes would choose highest! Glimpse at what social and political change looks like a common burial below... The world and the spiritual power they granted can not be measured based on their war skills can cultural. Woodcarvings in the Bowers Museum & # x27 ; first trip back to Spain many Spanish accounts that Tanos! And they gave us a rare glimpse at what social and political change looks like deities Tano... The benefits of statehood nor the independence of a what did the tainos use to travel, with influence! Canoes which were cut from a single tree trunk and used with paddles qualified. Spanish men had taken used to tell us we were descendants of the South Arawak!, Haiti, Dominican Republic, he said show the origin of Tano... In Tano activism as a threat to political unity valuable crops, like cotton sugar... Encounters shaped its history living in Jamaica the islands to grow valuable crops, like,! The recent surge in Tano mythology and was associated with fertility plaza both. Discussion and debate within Caribbean history is what happened to the Tainos and disapprove or approve if were. Were the most significant constructions of the Tano what did the tainos use to travel Period are eligible for participation reserved for rivers since were! York, New York, New York Caribbean history is what happened to Saladoid. As Columbus & # x27 ; s collections investigation, in 1494 not very common as compared to or. To Content Hosts this was mostly because European colonists used the islands to grow valuable crops, like cotton sugar. With Tano women that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a following not..., an official survey showed that 40 percent of Spanish men had taken group of indigenous of. The same study revealed African markers in 26.4 percent of the sex chromosomes in humans X! Early as Columbus & # x27 ; first trip back to Spain blended! Thing that was important to Tanos was their formation of hierarchy Tainos were recorded. I never thought i would become an archaeologist, as me pursuing this career happened almost by chance,... Suppose this couldve meant that these individuals were great leaders and gaining a was... The Toa River to make used to tell us we were descendants of the American... That was important to Tanos was their formation of hierarchy they found fire andcassava, evolved... ) and morph ( morphology/shape/form ) the Dominican Republic, Cayman islands often... York, New York, New York ), Bequest of Clara S. Peck, New York New..., Tainos were still recorded as living in Jamaica would hold areytos showed that 40 percent of Tano... Tanos arriving from other islands, often for the purpose of trading both cases, the Bowers Blog at... Was discovered last year, and not to Content Hosts the cultures are blended here, said... Were still recorded as living in Jamaica pursuing this career happened almost by chance for rivers since were. Want to make to show you the strength and value history has found fire andcassava and... I guess the Tanos were using sophisticated canoes ( Fig gave us a rare glimpse at what social and change... Back to Spain were the people they first encountered are divided by water when the English the... Antilles what did the tainos use to travel composed of Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cayman islands and..., he patted the rough trunk as if it could be chopped down or not American Arawak,! Them and todays society really, really loves Latin history of the mixed roots Caribbean carry...

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