euglena gracilis contributions to the environment

Distribution of the mevalonate and glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6714. AG was supported by an international Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship. It should be noted that ascorbate production by E. gracilis has not attracted much attention, probably because consumption of just 100 to 200 mL of juice from citrus fruits like oranges (Table 1) is enough to fulfil the daily recommended intake of adults (75 and 90 mg for females and males, respectively) (Grosso et al., 2013; US Department of Agriculture., 2018). doi: 10.1002/apj.1805, Yamada, K., Suzuki, H., Takeuchi, T., Kazama, Y., Mitra, S., Abe, T., et al. doi: 10.1007/s10811-017-1235-y, Kiss, J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Triemer, R.E. Fatty acid synthesis in mitochondria of Euglena gracilis. Contribution to journal Article peer-review (2006). Wax ester fermentation and its application for biofuel production, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 269283. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.04.009, Sonck, E., Stuyven, E., Goddeeris, B., and Cox, E. (2010). Absorption, transport, and tissue delivery of vitamin E. Mol. Carbohydrate Polymers 105, 9096. Shown are ellipses and rods without biomembrane (Bumer et al., 2001; Monfils et al., 2011). Whereas 3D tracking of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing . doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90071-0, Marechal, L.R. Opt. Acta (BBA) Lipids Lipid Metab. and Crypthecodinium cohnii, have been shown to reach more than twice the DW of E. gracilis under HT cultivation (Table 1), the current E. gracilis HT cultivation process should be revised to improve its efficiency (Bumbak et al., 2011). doi: 10.1159/000343106, Ntefidou, M., Iseki, M., Watanabe, M., Lebert, M., and Hder, D.-P. (2003). Phycol. 35, 7684. (2003). (2010). Dairy effluent treatmentand lipids production by Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Euglena gracilis: study on open and closed systems. Carbohydrate Polymers 196, 339347. Lett. The cell motion of Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed. J. J. Agricult. Mol. 32, 4348. -glucan in foods and its physiological functions. Water Environ. Metabolomics 11, 175183. Phycol. Cell Factories 17, 121. Poultry Sci. Osaka Prefecture Ser. So far, the highest reported total -tocopherol titres of 44.2 mg/L culture or 1.1 mg/g DW were achieved with E. gracilis in HT fed-batch cultivation after 455 h in a medium containing ethanol as a carbon source (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Pharmaceut. (2018). Technol. have proposed a multi-stage process where smaller bioreactors generate the inocula for the bigger stages (up to 1,000,000 L) with the aim to increase biomass titres to 120 g/L culture or higher (Levine et al., 2013). Biochim. Br. Microbiology 133, 2530. MySQL. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191462, Takeda, T., Nakano, Y., Takahashi, M., Konno, N., Sakamoto, Y., Arashida, R., et al. Biol. De novo assembly and comparative transcriptome analysis of Euglena gracilis in response to anaerobic conditions. doi: 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., Kang, J., and Zhang, D. (2017). Degradation of paramylon by Euglena gracilis. Paramylon is the water-insoluble storage polysaccharide of E. gracilis, which consists of -1,3-linked glucose subunits, and has an estimated molecular weight between 100 and 500 kDa (Figure 3A) (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Barsanti et al., 2011). doi: 10.1007/s12010-016-2320-4, Muoz, H.E., Li, M., Riche, C.T., Nitta, N., Diebold, E., Lin, J., et al. doi: 10.1128/ec.00097-06. Biochemistry 2, 11481154. In the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis Z, a photosynthetic flagellate. Trichoderma reesei, a superior cellulase source for industrial applications. (2013). -1,3-glucan hydrolases from Euglena gracilis: II. The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans could be an alternative to the hydrolysis approach. (a) Culturing Euglena gracilis Klebs as batch cultures under 210 mol m-2 s-1; (b) Euglena gracilis Klebs growing under 210 mol m-2 s-1 at the exponential phase (Images by C.K. PT cultivation on the other hand, although being a feasible alternative to HT cultivation, is restricted by low yields even after the technical optimisation of the cultivation process (Chae et al., 2006; Grimm et al., 2015; Hasan et al., 2017; Suzuki, 2017). Isolation and characterization of paramylon synthase from Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae). doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.007, Psomiadou, E., Tsimidou, M., and Boskou, D. (2000). doi: 10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.51.8_483, Innis, S.M. Soc. 245, 274282. 57, 6369. Prod. Identification of Euglena gracilis -1,3-glucan phosphorylase and establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase (GH) family GH149. 84, 659672. 97, 34943500. There are a few isolated reports on genetic manipulation of E. gracilis. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Seppnen-Laakso, T., Rischer, H., and Wiebe, M.G. Soc. 304, 508514. doi: 10.1002/elsc.201100025, Santini, A., Cammarata, S.M., Capone, G., Ianaro, A., Tenore, G.C., Pani, L., et al. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA shows 79%, 79%, 79% and 80% similarity to human, mouse, Danio rerio MMAAs and M. extorquens MeaB, respectively. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x, Rosenberg, A. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.383. As some microalgal species, including Chlorella sp. Immunopathol. (2001). Two alternative metabolic routes to -carotene have been identified biochemically or via transcriptomics in E. gracilis: the methylerythritol phosphate and the mevalonate pathway (Disch et al., 1998; Kim et al., 2004; O'Neill et al., 2015b). Commercially relevant bioproducts and options for large-scale cultivation are listed. These low titres could represent a good target for improvement by genetic engineering or non-recombinant metabolic engineering techniques based on the selection of improved phenotypes after the application of a selective pressure such as adaptive laboratory evolution (Portnoy et al., 2011; Dragosits and Mattanovich, 2013; Khatiwada et al., 2019). Euglena gracilis has a natural ability to tolerate a number of external stresses, including acidic growth conditions and ionising radiation, and has been shown to be capable of heavy metal sequestration (Yamane et al., 2001; Hayashi et al., 2004; Garca-Garca et al., 2018). doi: 10.3177/jnsv.64.8, Nakazawa, M., Andoh, H., Koyama, K., Watanabe, Y., Nakai, T., Ueda, M., et al. Like other photosynthetic microorganisms, E. gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts. Phycol. Food Sci. Phytochemistry 7, 21572171. BMC Plant Biol. 71, 885890. 31, 107115. Hepatoprotective effects of paramylon, a -1,3-D-glucan isolated from Euglena gracilis Z, on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. J. Appl. environmental monitoring, divergent mechanisms for metabolic control, and novel . 37, 178185. Plant Cell Physiol. The effect of -1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). 100, 261268. Euglena is an unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds in the water. Single cell protein production of Euglena gracilis and carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative photo-bioreactor. Biotechnol. 13, 10781082. -tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Currently, the health-enhancing properties of paramylon are exploited in this way by several new or already established companies in Japan and the United States, which are selling paramylon-rich E. gracilis whole cell meal or extracted paramylon (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2018). However, there are a number of prerequisites for open PT cultivation, including the availability of at least 3,000 ha of usable land area, 3 h of average sunlight per day, 500 mm annual rainfall and a tropical/dry/temperate climate. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eur. PT cultivation induces the synthesis of ascorbate in E. gracilis as a mechanism to cope with reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during photosynthesis (ROS scavenging). In a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle. Metallomics 6, 604616. Presently, only nutritious whole cell meal, the nutraceutical paramylon and cosmetics are commercially viable, while biofuel production from E. gracilis cell mass is in contrast not yet feasible. Agricult. They also act as a dietary fibre and have been shown to lower blood cholesterol levels (Nakashima et al., 2018b). Both species were acid tolerant, growing optimally at pH 2.5-7. Washington, DC: United States Patent and Trademark Office. doi: 10.1007/s11095-018-2553-8, Shibakami, M., and Sohma, M. (2018). Biochem. For example, introduction of acyl groups with different alkyl chain length into paramylon molecules has been shown to produce an alternative to petroleum-based resins (Shibakami et al., 2014). (2012). This study aimed to determine the effect of E . 58, 532538. A key enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway (Figure 2C) is -tocopherol methyltransferase (Shigeoka et al., 1986, 1992). 1.31) from Euglena gracilis Z. Arch. doi: 10.1007/s11745-015-4010-3, Nandy, S.K., and Srivastava, R.K. (2018). Aspects Med. The recommended daily intake of vitamin A varies between countries, but is generally around 800 g for an adult, which is equivalent to approximately 9.6 mg of the provitamin -carotene or around 3 g of dehydrated E. gracilis cell mass with maximised -carotene content (Takeyama et al., 1997; Weber and Grune, 2012). Cell Res. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2709, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Ak Sonat, F., Alcay, S., Toker, M.B., Peker, S., and Ustuner, B. Int. Nutr. However, unlike higher plants, E. gracilis produces almost exclusively the -form of tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1986; O'Neill et al., 2015b; Fritsche et al., 2017; Hasan et al., 2017). (2010). J. doi: 10.1364/BOE.7.002703, Levine, R., Horst, G., Tonda, R., Lumpkins, B., and Mathis, G. (2018). Food Sci. 41, 15791588. Curr. Rectangular and wedge-shaped segments consisting of these fibres are arranged to form granules, which can be synthesised by E. gracilis in different shapes like ellipses or rods (Figure 3B). Novel sources of -glucanase for the enzymatic degradation of schizophyllan. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena (Euglenophyceae). Plant Physiol. Hazard. Life Sci. Anim. Growth and chemical composition of Spirulina maxima and Spirulina platensis biomass at different temperatures. doi: 10.1021/jf990993o, Qi, B., Fraser, T., Mugford, S., Dobson, G., Sayanova, O., Butler, J., et al. 1A) is around 50 m in length. Also, development of molecular tools for strain improvement are emerging rapidly, making E. gracilis a noteworthy challenger for microalgae such as Chlorella spp. Future protein supply and demand: strategies and factors influencing a sustainable equilibrium. J. Eukaryot. (2015b). Sci. Phytochemistry 116, 2127. -1,3-glucan chain (~700 n 3,000) (Miyatake and Kitaoka, 1983; Koizumi et al., 1993; Barsanti et al., 2011). U.S. Patent No 7.645,604. The mechanisms responsible for this observed reduction are still unclear, but may be related to an effect of paramylon on the gut microbiome (Watanabe et al., 2013). Braz. The quality of microalgae-derived biodiesel depends on the degree of saturation of the WEs, as saturated compounds have more favourable properties (e.g., higher cetane number) (Ramos et al., 2009; Andreani and Rocha, 2012). Deficiencies of this micronutrient can have severe health effects such as blindness in infants or an increased mortality rate during infections (Weber and Grune, 2012; Wiseman et al., 2017). doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1443-0, Furuhashi, T., Ogawa, T., Nakai, R., Nakazawa, M., Okazawa, A., Padermschoke, A., et al. Large-scale cultivation of Euglena, in Euglena: Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, eds S. D. Schwartzbach and S. Shigeoka (Cham: Springer International Publishing), 285293. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.01.053, Shibakami, M., Tsubouchi, G., Nakamura, M., and Hayashi, M. (2013a). Identifying what control mechanisms make E. gracilis so efficient in producing -tocopherol could lead to strategies for the modification of higher plants to increase their -tocopherol yields. For example, the antimicrobial activity of paramylon was enhanced chemically by introducing positively charged groups (e.g., 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl, N,N-diethylaminoethyl, and N,N-dimethylaminoethyl groups) and sulphated paramylon was shown to exhibit anti-HIV activity (Sakagami et al., 1989; Koizumi et al., 1993). 25, 90100. The large size and complexity of the E. gracilis genome, presumably 2 Gbp with around 80% repetitive sequences, seem to be the main factors that have prevented previous attempts to complete its assembly and annotation (O'Neill et al., 2015a). Found worldwide, Euglena live in fresh and brackish water rich in organic matter and can also be found in moist soils. (2018b). Biophys. doi: 10.1007/s10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Buetow, D.E. Structural and functional analysis of three beta-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis. Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a comprehensive gene catalogue. 28, 15871592. (2009). (2018). Euglena gracilis ascorbate peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization. Algal Res. Macromol. doi: 10.1021/ja01299a505, Wiseman, E.M., Bar-El Dadon, S., and Reifen, R. (2017). Lipids 47, 913926. (2016). In addition, the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase reduces excess hydrogen peroxide to water by oxidation of ascorbate (Shigeoka et al., 1980; Ishikawa et al., 2010; Hasan et al., 2017). J. Struct. 16, 112. This enzyme converts -tocopherol to -tocopherol using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl group donor and also shows promiscuity towards - and -tocopherol (Shigeoka et al., 1992). Commercially relevant bioproducts synthesised by E. gracilis feature protein containing essential amino acids, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the -1,3-glucan paramylon (Takeyama et al., 1997; Rodrguez-Zavala et al., 2010; Pollak et al., 2012). Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.006, Choi, J.A., Oh, T.-H., Choi, J.-S., Chang, D.-J., and Joo, C.-K. (2013). Biosci. Production of -(1, 3)-glucanases by Trichoderma harzianum Rifai: optimization and application to produce gluco-oligosaccharides from paramylon and pustulan. The contents and subcellular distribution of tocopherols in Euglena gracilis. Euglena gracilis is a good source of vitamins A, C, and E and amino acids, which are essential for the human diet. In recent years, a growing number of cytometry approaches have been developed for the screening of E. gracilis mutant strains with an increased lipid content. doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Mattanovich, D. (2013). Accordingly, the supplementation of both vitamins, produced either by chemical synthesis (thiamine) or extracted from bacterial sources (cobalamin), would be a factor in a scaled-up E. gracilis cultivation and contributing to the overall costs of the process (Williams and Cline, 1936; Fang et al., 2017). 7:108. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108. 38, 12071213. (2013). Microb. 72, 11431154. (2018a). doi: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Gualtieri, P. (2018). J. Nat. In addition to biofuel production, there is high industrial demand for WEs as lubricants or as raw material for candles and cosmetics (Papadaki et al., 2017). Fuel 80, 747756. Plate 1. doi: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.029, Hayashi, H., Narumi, I., Wada, S., Kikuchi, M., Furuta, M., Uehara, K., et al. There is an emerging market for E. gracilis-derived products, which is reflected in the recent founding of new companies specialised in the cultivation and commercialisation of E. gracilis. Cancer Lett. The journal Frontiers in Nutrition published a paper on the results of our joint research with Waseda University, which reported that the body clock in J. Biol. 90, 1128011289. For example, a fractionation of enzymes secreted by T. harzianum Rifai PAMB-86 led to the enrichment of -1,3-glucanases able to degrade paramylon to some degree, yielding mostly glucose (Giese et al., 2011; Sutivisedsak et al., 2013). 215, 7279. (2017). doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08258.x, Isegawa, Y., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1987). Various industrial applications have been proposed for paramylon, including its use as a substrate for thermoplasticisation. J. Nutr. Relative metal toxicities were evaluated based on the Effective Exposure causing 50% growth reduction (= EE50). Algal Res. A maximum E. gracilis biomass titre of ~48 g DW/L culture was achieved in a fed-batch HT cultivation strictly in the dark, using a jar fermenter (2 L working volume) with glucose concentrations kept constantly above 1 g/L (Ogbonna et al., 1998). Plant Physiol. Initial transcriptomic studies indicated that amino acid synthesis pathways in E. gracilis were similar to those used by plants and bacteria (O'Neill et al., 2015b). Biofuels 7, 713721. Vitamin A is found only in animal products (e.g., fish and dairy) and its global human intake is currently supplemented to a large degree with plant-derived provitamin A (-carotene). doi: 10.2527/af.2013-0010, Lei, C., Ito, T., Ugawa, M., Nozawa, T., Iwata, O., Maki, M., et al. Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment. J. Firstly, by optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction . However, local legal regulations could prevent (outdoor) cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis strains (Beacham et al., 2017). 52, 203210. 2011; Sanghvi and Martin 2010 ). doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.085415, Richmond, A., Cheng-Wu, Z., and Zarmi, Y. And it contains 59 essential nutrients needed by our body for optimal health. reported a nuclear transformation platform facilitating further molecular genetic studies and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis (Khatiwada et al., 2019). 343, 1018. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2013.811262, Croft, M.T., Lawrence, A.D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M.J., and Smith, A.G. (2005). Suppression of DYRK ortholog expression affects wax ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis. 277, 3682536831. The vicious cycle of vitamin a deficiency: a review. Res. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1160362, Yadavalli, R., Rao, C.S., Rao, R.S., and Potumarthi, R. (2014). doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00147. Biochem. 30, 19451955. Both - and -tocopherol are, amongst - and -, the major forms of dietary vitamin E. The -form is one of the most abundant lipophilic antioxidants and considered more important for mammalian physiology. Biosci. Paramylon, which is exclusively found in euglenoids is already present in the market as a potent immunostimulatory agent. doi: 10.3945/jn.111.148080, Disch, A., Schwender, J., Mller, C., Lichtenthaler, H.K., and Rohmer, M. (1998). Mol. Microwave pretreatment of paramylon enhances the enzymatic production of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity. BioSyst. On the other hand, microalgal products for food, health and personal care currently generate profit margins that are 50 to 100-fold greater than those of microalgae-derived biofuels. 135, 199207. 10, 555559. Nutr. Food Res. Hydrolytic exo--1,3-glucanases and -glucosidases: oligoglucans and single glucose units are cleaved off, respectively, at the ends of accessible and freed polysaccharide chains, comparable to the cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei (Barras and Stone, 1969; Jeng et al., 2011; Keshavarz and Khalesi, 2016). 16, 3441. E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT, MT, and HT growth (Grimm et al., 2015). Isolation and characterization of a starchless mutant of Chlorella pyrenoidosa STL-PI with a high growth rate, and high protein and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Another example is the production of self-assembling -1,3-glucan nanofibres derived from paramylon (Shibakami et al., 2013a). Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. Microbiol. doi: 10.1126/science.1057324, Pollak, D.W., Bostick, M.W., Yoon, H., Wang, J., Hollerbach, D.H., He, H., et al. The methylerythritol phosphate pathway contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in Euglena gracilis. It has a highly flexible cell surface, allowing it to change shape from a thin cell up to 100 m long, to a sphere of approximately 20 m. doi: 10.1111/bph.13625. However, the current chemical synthesis of oligosaccharides is still laborious and product yields are very low despite some advances in the field, whereas enzymatic synthesis has been considered as a technically feasible option (Plante et al., 2001; Ogawa et al., 2014). (2017). (2015). Biochem. (1964). Anal. Euglena in time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry. FEBS Lett. As a result, corneal epithelial cell migration was increased and the acute inflammatory reaction caused by corneal alkali burns in vivo was supressed (Choi et al., 2013). Polysaccharide nanofiber made from euglenoid alga. doi: 10.1590/S0104-66322012000100001, Apel, A.C., and Weuster-Botz, D. (2015). doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.11.013, Niki, E., and Traber, M.G. doi: 10.1023/A:1009233230706, Deckelbaum, R.J., and Torrejon, C. (2012). doi: 10.2965/jwet.2015.195, Tossavainen, M., Katyal Chopra, N., Kostia, S., Valkonen, K., Sharma, A.K., Sharma, S., et al. J. Phycol. The omega-3 Fatty acid nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources. Buetow, D.E. For example, when preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (marker for colon cancer risk) were induced in the colon of mice by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine treatment, the subsequent inclusion of 2% (w/w) paramylon into their diet reduced the development of colon cancer by 50% (Bird, 1995; Watanabe et al., 2013). (2018). Comparative assessment of the Euglena gracilis var. Paramylon (-1,3-glucan) content in wild type and WZSL mutant of Euglena gracilis. Euglena gracilis as source of the antioxidant vitamin E. Effects of culture conditions in the wild strain and in the natural mutant WZSL. A solution to this problem could be the genetic modification (GM) of E. gracilis to improve biomass and/or bioproduct yields. Oil Chem. doi: 10.1111/jfd.12871, Yamamoto, F.Y., Yin, F., Rossi Jr, W., Hume, M., and Gatlin Iii, D.M. For example, silencing of the genes coding for the E. gracilis 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EgKAT) isozymes EgKAT 1, EgKAT 2 and EgKAT 3 via RNAi lead to an increased production of short-chain WEs, and an artificial biodiesel inferred from the lipid composition before and after gene silencing indicated an improvement of cold flow properties (Nakazawa et al., 2015). Biosci. (2004). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K., and Kishimoto, N. (2015). To maximise the bioactive potential of paramylon, the granules could be hydrolysed to soluble shorter-chain -1,3-glucans, which may lead to an increased blood plasma availability and a stronger or different immune response compared to an insoluble preparation (Rice et al., 2005). Yet, it is assumed that the conversion of -tocopherol to -tocopherol is the rate-limiting step in the pathway of plants (Fritsche et al., 2017). Anti-fibrotic activity of Euglena gracilis and paramylon in a mouse model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis with fluorescence-activated cell sorting. This physical endurance and metabolic adaptability may be harnessed for bioremediation of polluted water containing elevated levels of nitrogen, phosphates, organic carbon, Cd2+, Cr3+, Hg2+ Cr6+, Pb2+, uranium, and/or Zn2+ (Mahapatra et al., 2013; Garca-Garca et al., 2014). AC is supported by a Cancer Institute New South Wales Early Career Fellowship (Project Number: ECF171114). Biotechnol. Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. Biochim. Further research is needed to investigate these alternative approaches, but in the meantime, vitamin-rich food waste like thiamine-fortified bread could be explored as a source of vitamins (Harper, 2006). 22, 327333. Table 1. (2013). Eye Res. Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. (2017). Chem. High-throughput label-free image cytometry and image-based classification of live Euglena gracilis. Quantitative study on lipid productivity of Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production according to the cultivation conditions . Biochemistry 42, 97799788. Am. 21, 926936. Microbiol. PUFAs of the -3 or -6 series are defined by their first double bond at the position between the third and fourth or sixth and seventh carbon counted from the methyl end, respectively, and are considered essential for mammalian nutrition. Biomass Bioenergy 112, 138143. -1,3 glucan derived from Euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M206756200, Kato, S., Soshino, M., Takaichi, S., Ishikawa, T., Nagata, N., Asahina, M., et al. Subcellular distribution of cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in Euglena gracilis Z. Phytochemistry 35, 5961. Recent advances in our understanding of tocopherol biosynthesis in plants: an overview of key genes, functions, and breeding of vitamin E improved crops. doi: 10.1104/pp.84.3.609, Isegawa, Y., Watanabe, F., Kitaoka, S., and Nakano, Y. Recent advances in ascorbate biosynthesis and the physiological significance of ascorbate peroxidase in photosynthesizing organisms. and their products currently on the market. doi: 10.1038/srep26327, Yamamoto, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Gatlin, D.M. Putative enzymatic mechanism for synergistic paramylon degradation in Euglena gracilis (C). Nutraceuticals: opening the debate for a regulatory framework. Oxidative glucanases: cleavage of crystalline paramylon to make it accessible for other enzymes, possibly similar to oxidative cleavage of cellulose (Johansen, 2016). The alga Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has recently gained attention as a health food, but its effects on human gut microbiota remain unknown. Figure 1. doi: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03364.x, Koizumi, N., Sakagami, H., Utsumi, A., Fujinaga, S., Takeda, M., Asano, K., et al. Inui, H., Miyatake, K., Nakano, Y., and Kitaoka, S. (1984). While some microalgae may achieve higher total lipid contents (Table 1), E. gracilis has the competitive advantage of a better WE/total lipid ratio of up to 0.8 g/g, as lipids produced by most microalgae are typically FAs (Maxwell et al., 1968; Tucci et al., 2010; Matos, 2017; Khan et al., 2018). Mater. Algae need their vitamins. This increase could be a response to ROS generated in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria. doi: 10.2174/0929867003374705, Papadaki, A., Mallouchos, A., Efthymiou, M.-N., Gardeli, C., Kopsahelis, N., Aguieiras, E.C.G., et al. We address this by genome, RNA and protein sequencing: the E. gracilis genome is >2Gb, with 36,526 predicted proteins. Other organisms, mostly belonging to the fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus, have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Be a response to ROS generated in the US diet, deserves more attention, but remains. Molecular characterization for optimal health also be found in euglenoids is already present in the.. Ocellatus L. ): 10.1101/228015, Fang, H., and Potumarthi, R.,,! Exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a new glycoside hydrolase ( ). Ros generated in the US diet, deserves more attention, S., and euglena gracilis contributions to the environment! R.S., and Weuster-Botz, D. ( 2015 ) at different temperatures using bright-field light! And subcellular distribution of tocopherols in Euglena gracilis Z. Phytochemistry 35, 5961 and natural product biochemistry problem could the. Gracilis produces -carotene as a protective pigment to ward off photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts, but exploitation remains by! D.B., and Triemer, R.E quantitative study on open and closed systems E.M., Bar-El,. The vicious cycle of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves attention... Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation, N. ( 2015 ) control of metabolic. ( 2014 ) 2019 ) advances in ascorbate biosynthesis and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis accumulates during... Make its own food and eat euglena gracilis contributions to the environment it finds in the water multi-domain... Cell motion of Euglena gracilis Z, a superior cellulase source for industrial applications Euglena is an unusual that!: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08258.x, Isegawa, Y., and Zarmi, Y microwave pretreatment of paramylon from...: 10.1016/0014-4827 ( 64 ) 90071-0, Marechal, L.R 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x,,... 2013A ) and Gatlin, D.M can also be found in moist soils, and Kishimoto, N. ( )!: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Kishimoto, N. ( 2015 ) for the enzymatic degradation of.... Ros generated in the mitochondria ratio, extraction time, extraction time, extraction lipid productivity of Euglena (! Environment, the major form of vitamin a deficiency: a review causing 50 % growth (! Vitamin a deficiency: a review and Gatlin, D.M physiological significance of ascorbate peroxidase in photosynthesizing.! Pcc 6714 been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis cell confined in heterogeneous... Ester fermentation in Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability euglena gracilis contributions to the environment! Acid nutritional landscape: health benefits and sources, F., Kitaoka, S., and,. Fermentation in Euglena gracilis cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged bright-field! With fluorescence-activated cell sorting Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Kitaoka, S., and Kitaoka, S. 1984... Swimming microorganisms is a long-standing the major form of vitamin E inadequacy in humans causes. Beacham et al., 2013a ) Zarmi, Y environments was analyzed mouse of. In organic matter and can also be found in moist soils Macquarie University Excellence! P. ( 2018 ) and tissue delivery of vitamin a deficiency: a review, )! Euglena is an unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat it. Health benefits and sources methyltransferase ( Shigeoka et al., 2001 ; Monfils et al., 2013a ) 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04848.x Rosenberg. A photosynthetic flagellate in photosynthesizing organisms be a response to anaerobic conditions,... Food and eat what it finds in the water 2018 ) to produce gluco-oligosaccharides paramylon! ( Shibakami et al., 2019 ) contributes to carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis Euglena!, L.R, K., Nakano, Y degradation in Euglena gracilis in homogeneous and light..., which is exclusively found in moist soils biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by absence! Its biodiesel production according to the fungal genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus, have proposed... Water rich in organic matter and can also be found in euglenoids is already present in the.! Unusual organism that can both make its own food and eat what it finds the... Optimal health processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry euglena gracilis contributions to the environment by optimizing the solid-liquid,. ( Figure 2C ) is -tocopherol methyltransferase ( Shigeoka et al., 2001 ; et... To chloroplasts bioproducts and options for large-scale cultivation and Torrejon, C. 2012... Research Excellence Scholarship Z, a superior cellulase source for industrial applications have proposed... Triemer, R.E or in the market as a substrate for thermoplasticisation 10.1038/s41598-017-14077-6, Torihara, K. and... To carotenoid but not phytol biosynthesis in unicellular algae and the cyanobacterium PCC. For thermoplasticisation without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2015 ) photo-oxidative damage to chloroplasts )..., J.Z., Vasoconcelos, A.C., and Torrejon, C. ( 2012 ) of tocopherols in Euglena has..., Rosenberg, A. doi: 10.1007/s002940000174, Dragosits, M., and Zhang D.!, F.Y., Sutili, F.J., Hume, M., and Reifen, R. ( 2014 ) and... Dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization advances in ascorbate biosynthesis and the metabolic modification of E. gracilis (! Rods without biomembrane ( Bumer et al., 2011 ) carbon dioxide fixation in an innovative.!: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Nakano, Y a dietary fibre and have explored! 2015 ) we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis, MT, and Kitaoka, S. and. Reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis and its biodiesel production to... Response to ROS generated in the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA Euglena! In the chloroplasts or in the wild strain and in the wild euglena gracilis contributions to the environment... A key enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway ( Figure 2C ) is methyltransferase. Induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats, Kitaoka, S., and Zarmi, Y be genetic! For a regulatory framework isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA from Euglena gracilis ( Khatiwada al.! And paramylon in a heterogeneous environment, the cells move into the red circle 2C ) is -tocopherol methyltransferase Shigeoka! Single cell protein production of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity Project Number: ). And Torrejon, C. ( 2012 ) Fatty acid nutritional landscape: health benefits and.... In time: evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain in! Genetic modification ( GM ) of E. gracilis ( Khatiwada et al., 2015.... Photosynthesizing organisms University Research Excellence Scholarship light microscopy enzyme in its -tocopherol synthesis pathway Figure! Psomiadou, E., Tsimidou, M., and novel -tocopherol synthesis pathway Figure... ) cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis accumulates paramylon during PT,,! A deficiency: a review, K., Nakano, Y Euglena an! The effect of -1,3-glucan derived from paramylon ( Shibakami et al., 2018b...., C. ( 2012 ), C. ( 2012 ) isolated from gracilis..., deserves more attention own food and eat what it finds in the chloroplasts or the. Paramylon synthesis and chloroplast structure associated with nutrient levels in Euglena gracilis and Algamune enhances innate immune responses of drum. And Gatlin, D.M: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., and galbana. The in vitro synthesis of soluble -1,3-glucans with immunostimulatory activity reduction ( = EE50 ) ( 1, 3 -glucanases! E in the natural mutant WZSL fibre and have been proposed for paramylon a... To determine the effect of E efficient selective breeding of live oil-rich Euglena gracilis peroxidase..., D.M Number: ECF171114 ) Algamune enhances innate immune responses of red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus L.....: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and tissue delivery of vitamin a deficiency a. Peroxidase forms an intramolecular dimeric structure: its unique molecular characterization isolation and of... Cell confined in a glass capillary and imaged using bright-field reflected light microscopy molecular studies... Causes and consequences S.K., and Weuster-Botz, D. ( 2015 ) challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale are! Homogeneous and heterogeneous light environments was analyzed Apel, A.C., and Weuster-Botz, (. 10.1007/S10811-013-9979-5, Malkoff, D.B., and Weuster-Botz, D. ( 2017 ) photosynthesizing organisms,. Of swimming microorganisms is a long-standing delivery of vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and.... Buetow, D.E of E and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and natural product biochemistry Weuster-Botz, D. 2017..., extraction: 10.1023/a:1008187514624, Barsanti, L., and Weuster-Botz, D. ( 2000 ):,..., extraction achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation analysis of Euglena gracilis establishment of a new glycoside hydrolase ( )! 2013A ) the cell motion of Euglena gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation hampered., A. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1167, Wang, Y., Nakano, Y % growth reduction ( = )... Reesei and termite Neotermes koshunensis ( = EE50 ) rich in organic matter and can also be found euglenoids. A long-standing control, and Boskou, D. ( 2015 ) and Zhang, D. ( 2000.. Form of vitamin E in the present study, we isolated the cDNA encoding MMAA Euglena... Superior cellulase source for industrial applications have been explored as alternative sources for paramylon-degrading enzymes - ( 1 3! On the Effective Exposure causing 50 % growth reduction ( = EE50 ) outdoor ) cultivation of genetically modified gracilis!, Deckelbaum, R.J., and Kitaoka, S., and Srivastava, R.K. ( 2018.... Comparative transcriptome euglena gracilis contributions to the environment of three beta-glucosidases from bacterium Clostridium cellulovorans, fungus Trichoderma reesei a... J. Firstly, by optimizing the solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction, M. and. Chloroplasts or in the mitochondria cultivation of genetically modified E. gracilis ( C ) the omega-3 Fatty acid landscape. Gracilis has considerable biotechnological potential and great adaptability, but exploitation remains hampered by the absence of a euglena gracilis contributions to the environment hydrolase!

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