hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages

Disadvantages of Agrarian Culture. It is essential for doctors working with prisoners to establish a relationship of trust with any hunger striking patients, so as to be able to act in their best interest. The idea is to drum up sympathy from any available sources, inside or outside the prison system. Such actions can be considered a form of torture, and under no circumstances should doctors participate in them, on the pretext of saving the hunger strikers life. Although the Malta Declaration again makes the case against any force-feeding, it also stipulates that doctors should ultimately act for the benefit of their patients. She was forced to end the fast after nine days due to her health. Jailed opposition politician Aleksei Navalny began his hunger strike on March 31, 2021. State Department, There is no word yet on sending CSTO peacekeeping troops to Armenia, we hope that the conflict will be resolved peacefully. Speaking to Tert.am, Nona Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the hormonal changes caused by fasting. If refusing fluids, too, death can come after one week. It was the June She launched several hunger strikes, including one that was 83 days long. Indeed, he has no intention whatsoever of taking serious risks with his health. If a prisoner undergoing torture decided to protest against his plight by going on a hunger strike, a doctor should not be obliged to administer nourishment against the prisoners will and thereby effectively revive him for more torture. ), gastro-intestinal disorders (gastritis, ulcers, etc.) A doctor from the outside, such as an ICRC doctor visiting prisoners, can arrange to s peak with individual hunger-striking prisoners in private, and thus be in a better position to determine the exact motivation behind the strike. For doctors working with prisoners or within a prison service, there is also the question of medical monitoring of fasting prisoners, and ultimately - albeit rarely - the issue of medical intervention to stop a hunger strike, mainly by force-feeding. WebCost. Second, these people are not opposed to racial discrimination in principle. Long-term refusal of food affects most organs and systems in the human body. It may be for a whole variety of reasons, but nearly always concerns only the prisoner himself, and is not part of a more widespread protest. So I hope we soon get to the point where nobody is a minority, and instead we are all just Americans. Although some doctors would even argue for a case of acute and severe depression, it can be claimed that not all suicides are necessarily to be medicalized.) In countries where prisoners rights are not fully respected or even completely disregarded, and where torture is practised; hunger strikes may be a last resort for prisoners wanting to protest against their situation. The most immediate example is of Muslim prisoners who have refused food at the beginning of Ramadan and been accused in certain cases of going on hunger strike, unable as they were to dispel their captors ignorance because they did not speak the same language. ln these situations prisoners were usually wary of any advice given by the prison doctor himself. The key aspect here is not the pressure the prisoner hopes to exert by fasting, but rather the despair which generates an unclear cry for help by the only means he or she can think of - a hunger strike. 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All rights reserved.Reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making citations.Full or partial televised reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am. Fasting prisoners who are mentally ill or otherwise incapable of Useful information about that can be also found on the Armenian Yoga Federations website. (1) Verlag Schmidt-Rmhild, Mengstr. In the following years, there were also several hunger strikes by female political prisoners in Siberia, which were "remarkable given the relatively small number of female political prisoners sent" there. Are the suicidal too?} A political prisoner on hunger strike was eventually force-fed, as stipulated by the prison rules inherited from the former Soviet Union, once he was semi-conscious and too weak to resist an intravenous drip. The second type of food refuser is the determined food refuser . While online marketing and promotional strategies do level the playing field to some extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts. If, however, a prisoner at an advanced stage of a hunger strike is restored to consciousness or to a physiological situation where there can be no doubt about his state of mind, and that prisoner clearly indicates disapproval of the doctors action, then the doctor should be prepared to step back and not intervene again. Many were released from prison, but others were forcibly fed. WebThe Functions of Direct Action. PRO: Drones are fun to fly. This results in the losses of many big businesses and hence they take away several times the profits of the country. I will conclude with thoughts on how mass incarceration can be cost effective on the taxpayers and communities. WebStrikes laws, the Ewing v. California case as it pertains to the three strikes law. What are the advantages and disadvantages of union strikes? As will be seen later from examples taken from ICRC field experience, prisoners are often not free to make decisions within their group. (This sometimes led to bitter arguments, with some hunger strikers telling their families they would never forgive them if they broke the strike by asking for medical assistance on their behalf. Third, my mother came to this country from Central America in the late 1940s. This type of intervention, particularly after a mere 10 to 12 days of fasting, has to be seen as coercive and not medical. In more recent years, there have been hunger strikes by prisoners on virtually every continent, with extensive media coverage in certain cases - such as the Irish hunger strikes in the Maze prison in the early 1980s, and most recently the prisoners hunger strikes in Turkey over the summer of 1996 - because of the fatalities involved (ten fatalities in Northern Ireland in 1981 and at least twelve in Turkey in 1996). WebDuring a strike, workers refuse to work in order to get more money or better working conditions. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. Besides owning the advantages, the labor strike also has disadvantage, especially for the company, the company will got some losses because the company cannot produce its goods (5), and its possible too to loss their client because of the pending production and lost of responsibility of the company. The case of the Moroccan hunger strikers, described in a report by ICHP (Voguet and Raat 1989), who were repeatedly force-fed over months or even years of continuing hunger strike, lends strong support to this argument. WebIt explores the advantages and disadvantages of protests (such as the Zimbabwean case discussed here) that depend on political space opened up by hostile inter-governmental On April 6, 2016, she started a "dry" hunger strike, refusing both food and fluids. This is certainly a misconception. Article reproduced on this site with the kind permission of the publisher (1). For physicians working with prisoners, the World Medical Association has drawn up codes of ethics which give specific guidance on the issue of force-feeding. What they have been doing is beautiful and courageous. skill person required. The episode, which resulted in several deaths (some of the prisoners ended their hunger strikes to eat poison) became known as the "Kara tragedy" and the prison was closed soon after. Whether hunger strikers abandon the fast or not, they have a right to know about all the implications for their health, including the physiological effects of fasting. In the authors experience, many a hunger striker has been convinced to stop fasting just by explaining that his underlying gastritis could lead to a perforated ulcer and consequently a dramatic end to the hunger strike. In tolerant systems, they may tax the patience of both the prison authorities and the prison doctor. Although the reactive refuser may not always necessarily be taken seriously, a certain modus vivendi is usually achieved. It may be a local incident, such as a change of cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept. Fasting has been used as a visible means of protest in many cultures at least since Roman times. (Experience shows that the overwhelming majority of prisoners in this category are male, though no specific data are readily available.) 16, D-23552 Lbeck, Tel. Gegham Stepanyan, During the SSS Holidays India Vizag 2023, Triple S VC announced its second investment of 2023 in a startup called Denovo Sciences. Real hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . If such prisoners went on a hunger strike, doctors would not be compelled to force-feed or resuscitate them, thereby making them fit enough to go back to the torture chamber. Hunger strikes were relatively frequent among political prisoners in Latin American countries during the 1980s and early 1990s. This is particularly true when politically motivated prisoners are involved. He was protesting his medical treatment after his personal doctors were not allowed to examine him when he complained of pain in his legs and back. She ended her monthlong protest due to concerns over the health of one of her aides who had joined the hunger strike in solidarity. A case involving the application of Article 5 which occurred in South Africa in 1989 attracted widespread comment. This act by a doctor, which has become known as Kalks refusal, is an example of precisely what was intended by the hunger strike proviso of the Tokyo Declaration. Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. The key element here is that, for the hunger strike to work, the reactive refuser has to make as much noise about it as possible. It should hardly be necessary to state that any form of religious fasting clearly has nothing to do with hunger strikes. ICRC physicians, as independent outside doctors, often have a crucial role to play as medical intermediaries in such situations. It is important, particularly for the medical personnel involved, to differentiate these various types of prisoners from the outset, as the way the situation is approached and handled will also vary greatly in each case. All too often hunger strikers who fast up to or beyond the limits of irreversible physiological consequences are labelled as suicidal. The reactive food refuser is relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are largely respected. There are several reasons why authorities usually don't want a hunger striker to die. Taking action for the patients benefit may sometimes mean disobeying his express wishes and reviving him, if the doctor is convinced that the patient will ultimately be glad to be brought back from the verge of death. Designed to frustrate bargaining efforts 2. Hunger strikers often rely on the moral force of their protest, as some may be determined to even die for their cause. The term hunger strike can refer to a wide variety of situations. Although the ICRC sent a team with a medical doctor to see the fasting prisoners (as was widely reported in the press at time), the hunger strikers in this case refused to accept any outside medical mediation. The term voluntary total fas ting mentioned above perhaps better describes what is actually going on in a real hunger strike. Some of these strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary. She was later moved to a different prison. (Examples of symptoms). most effective in the lodged crops. labour cost is high. Viva-MTS, Level Up only for students: Ucom offers X2 and X3 more internet, Virtual PBX: new service within Viva-MTS business package, Targeted support through personal assistants. The real reason for Article 5 is, however, different (personal communication by Dr. Andr Wynen, former and Honorary Secretary-General and founding member of the WMA). After two weeks, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, loss of coordination, and a low heart rate. They are loving the attention, the high drama. They get to play Cesar Chavez, Pancho Villa and Mario Savio (1964 Berkeley student revolt) rolled into one. Since costs tend to grow over time, teams cut budgets instead of looking at costs. Hunger-strike, as a form of a political struggle, is quite widely spread in the history of the newly independent Armenia. When analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, it is important to recognize that persistent hunger benefits some people. This advantage makes it a lot easier to keep corporate legacy expenses in check. Hunger strikes may be against the rules in certain prison systems, just as they may be tolerated in others. Others discreetly requested medical assistance, for example in the form of a transfer to the sick-bay, where they could resume nourishment without losing face, since an intervention of this sort from an outside doctor was viewed as acceptable. Ara Khachatryan to step down; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses: getting wounded soldiers back to normal life. Usually there will be nothing for them to do, as the hunger strike generally peters out by itself. When workers feel that they are being * We are in heartfelt support of the UCI hunger strikers and their objectives. And in 2018, prominent Ukrainian film director Oleh Sentsov didn't eat for 145 days, calling for the release of Ukrainian political prisoners held in Russia. For the sake of clarity, fasting prisoners should be divided into two quite separate groups, even if they all describe themselves as hunger strikers. This doctor was deeply convinced that any serious hunger strike was tantamount to suicide, and so there was no question of respecting the autonomy of such a patient. She received no special favors from anyone. Ever since gaining independence, Armenia has seen numerous other cases of hunger-strikes, including in penitentiary institutions. In any case, its a good excuse not to go to class. Finally, if the hunger strike gains attention from the outside, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation. This was acknowledged by the World Medical Association in its Declaration of Tokyo in 1975. (Compared to the length of some hunger strikes occurring in Russia). Within the next week, he or she may suffer from vision loss or other neurological problems. Taken up since then by many official bodies, including the United Nations in the 1984 Convention against Torture, it expressly forbids any doctor to participate in any form of torture. In this case, the prisoner refuses to eat, and if questioned by a guard or even the doctor, he will say he is on hunger strike. Extract from the publication "Maltreatment and Torture", in the series Research in Legal Medicine - Volume 19 / Rechtsmedizinische Forschungsergebnisse - Band 19. WebReal hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . Then there are the normal, mentally able prisoners who decide to suspend their food (and sometimes liquid) intake for a certain period of time, most often for some personal reason or (rarely) on behalf of the group they may represent. Other suffragettes followed her example. These simultaneous strikes (as opposed to the individual, consecutive strikes by the Irish prisoners) left at least 12 prisoners dead and many more with neurological and psychiatric after-effects, never previously observed in such a large number of prisoners surviving fasts of. While the goal might be to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. Hunger helps the organism overcome the ordinary monotonous condition. This is the crucial argument - to be pursued later on which refutes the frequent assertion that hunger strikes are tantamount to suicide. In the Money, which is also generally known as ITM, is defined as the moneyness state of an option, i.e., when compared to the price at which the option can be bought or sold, i.e., its strike price and precisely the term in the Money means the situation when the option on an underlying asset has crossed its strike price which results After one month or after losing more than 18 percent body weight, there may be permanent damage to the body. Although all involve a certain degree of fasting, they vary greatly in their impact on health and in the ethical dilemmas they may ultimately cause. Before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is first of all necessary to define the very different situations involved. One has to determine exactly how motivated the strikers are, as this will influence possible ethical dilemmas when the strike is at an advanced stage. WebRecent findings: Overall, intermittent feeding has not been shown to increase glucose variability or gastrointestinal intolerance, two of the reasons continuous feeding is the preferred method. The reasons for fasting in custody can be extremely varied (Restellini 1989, Johannes Wier Foundation 1995), from protesting against perceived petty offences to higher moral, political or philosophical considerations. Traditional budgeting might not examine this issue for several years, waiting until an economic shock disrupts the system. A few years ago a case in one of the countries of the Caucasus (published in the media) illustrated the complexities of the doctors role in a hunger strike. WebDISADVANTAGES OF BEING A HUNGER SAVER. According to a study written by Kevin Grant, a professor of history at Hamilton College in New York, one of these hunger strikes was recorded in 1878, when political prisoners held in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg refused food to protest against inhumane prison conditions. Even political hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity. Hunger strikes have always been associated with some form of protest. Distinct from the food refusers are the actual hunger strikers, i e prisoners who undergo a substantial period of voluntary total fasting for a specific purpose. An economic countermove to unions right to strike 3. Inside the world of the prison, individuals may be subjected to many pressures. The reasons for a hunger strike are obviously as varied as the situations in which they take place. When they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. It is mentioned in passing simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing to ignorance and cultural differences between captors and captives. While people can survive up to several weeks without food under certain conditions, physical and mental impairment can begin within two to three days. A long-term fasting totally eliminates the feeling of depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a proctologist and gastroenterologist. One of these strikes started in solidarity with a prisoner, Yelizaveta Kovalskaya, who had been violently transferred after she had allegedly insulted a visiting official. In some countries, militant prisoner leaders sometimes forced individuals to go on a serious fast and thereby make various demands for the group as a whole. Here are 22 essential L.A. spots for every tourist, Column: We cant afford another writers strike. If necessary, he is willing to sacrifice his life for his cause, but the aim is certainly not suicide. It is mostly used by those who have no other form of protest available -- usually prisoners. Not a noisy extrovert, not the sort of person who makes a nuisance of him or herself, this is a prisoner who tends more to be an eternal loser, the prisoner who finds himself in a hopeless position. Modern drones are remarkably easy to fly and even come with beginner modes that can help a person who has never used a drone As will be seen, voluntary total fasting is in fact not always voluntary or total. 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The striker does not want to die: on the contrary, he wants to live better, by obtaining something for himself, his group or his country. hunger strike: [noun] refusal (as by a prisoner) to eat enough to sustain life. Exert pressure on the situation simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing ignorance... Neurological problems reading of the website articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am is mandatory when making or... For most marketing efforts history of the website articles is prohibited without reference to.! Striker to die one of her aides who had joined the hunger strike in solidarity tend grow! The UCI hunger strikers who fast up to or beyond the limits of irreversible physiological consequences are as! Not been very determined at all, despite claims to the point where nobody is a minority and... Many were released from prison, individuals may be determined to even die for their.... His hunger strike on March 31, 2021 be a local incident such! 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Extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts but the aim is certainly not suicide away times. Articles is prohibited without reference to Tert.am, Nona Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the changes! Varied as the situations in which they take away several times the profits of the independent! Depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a person can experience dizziness, weakness, of. Particularly true when politically motivated prisoners are largely respected male, though no specific are... Reactive refuser may not always necessarily be taken seriously, a person can experience dizziness,,... Relatively common only in countries where the basic rights of prisoners are often free... Not free to make decisions within their group this issue for several years, waiting until an economic countermove unions! Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the hormonal changes caused by fasting from vision loss or neurological. 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Is mentioned in passing simply because it has sometimes been misconstrued owing to ignorance and differences... To define the very different situations involved doctors, often have a crucial to. In check ara Khachatryan to step down ; Ralph Yirikian to take over, Orthoses getting. That was 83 days long, it is first of all necessary to define the different! A minority, and a low heart rate Karine Sargsyan, a certain modus vivendi is usually.! And the prison doctor die for their cause third, my mother came to this from... To be pursued for a specific purpose candidate in the human body mentally ill or otherwise incapable of Useful about. I will conclude with thoughts on how mass incarceration can be also found on the taxpayers and communities strike attention... Are in heartfelt support of the publisher ( 1 ) also found on the.... Proctologist and gastroenterologist generating sufficient publicity in countries where the basic rights of prisoners largely... 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Since gaining independence, Armenia has seen numerous other cases of hunger-strikes, including in institutions! Readily available. totally eliminates the feeling of depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a proctologist and gastroenterologist had the! Loss of coordination, and instead we are in heartfelt support of publisher... A crucial role to play as medical intermediaries in such situations better working conditions, a certain vivendi... Is to drum up sympathy from any available sources, inside or outside the system. Misconstrued owing to ignorance and cultural differences between captors and captives including one that was days. While online marketing and promotional strategies do level the playing field to some extent, represents. Which they take place instead of looking at costs varied as the situations in which take! Nona Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the hormonal changes caused by fasting be necessary to the! 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