Free Shipping; $299.99. qr25de 2.5l engine engine201510 - 201709> camshaft & valve mechanism. Pushrod engines usually have two or three valves per cylinder, usually one intake valve and one exhaust valve. A lay person can readily spot a long duration camshaft by observing the broad surface where the cam pushes the valve open for a large number of degrees of crankshaft rotation. This has been and continues to be a highly sought after series for over 20 years. Other important details include the engine, transmission, rear gearing, fuel induction system, weight of the vehicle, type of vehicle and all the rest. The lobe separation angle (LSA, also called lobe centreline angle) is the angle between the centreline of the intake lobes and the centreline of the exhaust lobes. These profiles are designed to enhance throttle response and low end torque in vans, trucks, passenger cars and mild marine applications while delivering fuel efficient motoring. Stock or small cfm carburetor, small diameter tube headers and dual exhaust are recommended for maximum benefit. Camshaft and crankshaft gears are connected by a timing chain (similar to a bicycle chain) or timing belt (similar to a drive belt, but with teeth), or a mesh gear set (two interlocking gears) located in the front end of an engine. Increased compression (9.5:1) is recommended for maximum output. [10] The materials used for a camshaft are usually either: Many early internal combustion engines used a cam-in-block layout (such flathead, IOE or T-head layouts), whereby the camshaft is located within the engine block near the bottom of the engine. qr25de 2.5l engine engine201709 -> vtc. The ball nose feature of this design increases camshaft durability in the Big Block Chevrolet engine design. Trip hammers are one of the early uses of a form of cam to convert rotating motion, e.g. The camshaft is critical to the basic function of an engine. A camshaft is a curved mechanical part that functions to transmit energy from one element to another. The top rpm capabilities of mechanical roller setups are limited to a maximum of approximately 9000 RPM. A camshaft has more than one cam. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Benjamin Jerew. The camshaft gear has twice as many teeth as the crankshaft gear, which allows it to rotate at half the speed of the crankshaft. Mild porting and larger valves will improve performance. While it is important to understand the attributes of the various camshaft families, it is equally important to note that camshaft selection is a individual as the personalities of a customer and his engine. By continuing to use our site, you agree to their use. Some might refer to the camshaft as the brain or heart of the engine. Part Number: SUM-8720R1. Mechanical flat tappet lifters have no internal moving parts, no internal adjustment and require more manual lash adjustment than a hydraulic setup. Our standard hydraulic or "cheater" hydraulic flat tappet lifters may be used with this series. Hi-Draulic HaulerThe Hi-Draulic Hauler series is the perfect Hot Street & Race Profile for a rough idle and that Classic Hot Rod sound. These are occasionally confused with the crankshaft of the engine, where the reciprocating motion of the pistons is converted into rotational energy. In a four-stroke engine, the valves are opened only half as often, therefore the camshaft is geared to rotate at half the speed of the crankshaft. Street applications can use mechanical setups, but we do not recommend it for the daily driver. Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), [1] [2] mechanically controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers . A little market research will help you get the best price for the part and the associated labor costs. WebCamshaft: Types, Functions & Examples. Custom camshafts are available to suit your unique application, please call our tech department if you cannot find what you are looking for. Hydraulic set-ups are perfect for street & mild race applications. Long metal pushrods transmit camshaft movement to the rocker arms, which transmit that movement to the valves. This series is available by special order only. Free Shipping; Summit Racing Camshafts SUM-1785. 11:1 and lower compression ratios are recommended. The camshaft is critical to the basic function of an engine. Use with standard manual transmission or automatic with high stall torque converter. This is a custom order part. Thats why a quick call to the COMP Cams CAM HELP tech line can help clear the air. This series also uses a ball nose design to help improve durability. Camshaft Basics. Fanning through the COMP Cams catalog can be a fun endeavor, and while many of the camshafts are categorized by a camshaft family name, more often that not the key determiner is the end usage. The parts themselves are relatively cheap, as you can get a replacement camshaft for between $300 to $500. In modern overhead-cam (OHC) engines, the camshaft is located in the cylinder head. This series is designed for 10:1 to 11:1 compression. For example, as cylinder #1 is coming to top dead center (TDC) on the exhaust stroke, the camshaft is opening the intake valves and closing the exhaust valves. Duration qr25de 2.5l engine engine201709 -> vtc. New hydraulic flat face lifters are always required when installing a new cam. Street RollerThe Street Roller series is made up of our most popular Hot Street profiles. This design allows for higher RPM and therefore more power. You wont find a bigger selection of camshafts anywhere else! So, which one is right for your application? The main job of a cam phaser is to adjust the positioning of the engines camshaft. qr25de 2.5l engine engine201205 - 201405> vtc. [21][22], The timing (phase angle) of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft can be adjusted to shift an engine's power band to a different RPM range. The key parts of any camshaft are the lobes. By. A camshaft is a cast iron or hardened steel shaft specifically timed to half the rotation speed of the crankshaft, which drives the camshaft via a chain, a belt, or directly meshed gears. When using higher than stock rocker ratios, this series incorporates smooth lift rates for increased durability in high RPM ranges while utilizing moderate spring pressure. To picture cam lobe separation a little better, look at the end of a traditional V8 camshaft. Updated on 05/14/18. qr25de 2.5l engine engine201709 -> vtc. As any knowledgeable technician can tell you, selecting a camshaft solely based on the fact that it fits your type of engine is a sure recipe for disaster. Wide lobe centers help broaden the power range and insure piston to valve clearance. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Camshaft Bolts. These proven tried & true camshafts are CID grouped for optimum RPM range matching. Firstly, increasing lift brings the valves closer to the piston, so excessive lift could cause the valves to get struck and damaged by the piston. ( 13 ), Stage 1 SUM-8718 Pro LS Drop-in Truck Swap Cam, Maximum Torque for Towing and Efficiency, 205/217 112+2, .500 /.500 Lift, 3-bolt, 4.8, 5.3, 6.0, 6.2, 4.38 out of 5 stars WebA camshaft is a relatively basic component a simple length of rod, or shaft, with shaped lobes positioned along it, these have been christened ' cam lobes '. In essence, the camshaft family is a good place to begin, but you could end up with a camshaft that is very different from what you originally planned. Though these two gross lift examples are close to the upper end of a very high-performance small-block Chevy with a flat-tappet camshaft, the mathematical theory is the same for all engines. SuperchargerThis Supercharger series incorporates moderate lifts to improve durability with the high cylinder pressures present in supercharged engines. To picture cam lobe separation a little better, look at the end of a traditional V8 camshaft. TSP Stage 4 "F-35" LS3 N/A Camshaft $ 389.99. Cam, Stage 2, LS Truck Swap Cam, 218/227 112+2, .522/.524 Lift, 3-bolt, 4.8, 5.3, 5.7, 6.0, 6.2, LS1 LS2 LS3 LS6 LS7 LS9 LQ4 LQ9 LH6 LM7 L96, Each, 4.31 out of 5 stars These camshaft hydraulic phasers effect variable valve timing on intake valves and exhaust valves. The camshaft is mounted on bearing in the lower part of the cylinder block, most in-line engines. Limited availability--made to order. For OHC and DOHC engines, the camshaft operates the valve directly or via a short rocker arm. Level 1 indicates a good stock replacement camshaft. Rocker arms transmit SOHC movement to the valves. Common camshafts are made to match typical operating characteristics and may accentuate highway cruising efficiency or low-end power. 5.0 out of 5 stars. TurbomasterThis Turbomaster series incorporates moderate lifts to improve durability with the high cylinder pressures present in turbo engines. These profiles are designed to enhance throttle response and low end torque in vans, trucks, passenger cars and mild marine applications while delivering fuel efficient motoring. TSP Stage 3 LS3 N/A Camshaft $ 389.99. A cam is a device that changes the rotary motion of the camshaft into linear motion of the follower or filter. It is part of the VVT system, helping to adjust the camshaft position, so valve timing is perfected for optimal performance from the motor. The top rpm capabilities of hydraulic setups are limited to a maximum of approximately 6500 RPM. So, which one is right for your application? ( 32 ), Stage 3 Pro LS Cam 232/242 113+3, .600/.600 Lift, 3-bolt, Excellent Power and Torque, 5.3, 5.7, 6.0, 6.2, 7.0, LS1 LS2 LS6 LS3 LS7 LQ4 LQ9 LS9, Each, 5.0 out of 5 stars ( 12 ), Pro SBC Stage 2 Hyd. Please verify your specific stock lift rules. Camshaft Bolts. Most overhead valve engines have a rocker ratio of greater than one, therefore the distance that the valve opens (the valve lift) is greater than the distance from the peak of the camshaft's lobe to the base circle (the camshaft lift). As the camshaft spins, the lobes open and close the intake and exhaust valves in time with the motion of the piston. The camshaft's lift determines the distance between the valve and the valve seat (i.e. [20] The farther the valve rises from its seat the more airflow can be provided, thus increasing the power produced. ( 21 ), Pro SBC Hyd. This series ranges from mild to wild and has a great lopey idle. Those pairs of lobes are phased to each other. ( 10 ), Camshaft, Hydraulic Roller, Advertised Duration 283/286, Lift .585/.585, Lobe Sep. 112, GM LS, Each, 4.17 out of 5 stars These camshafts provide excellent low end and mid-range power for spirited street, off road driving and mild marine applications. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for For Polaris Sportsman 500 4x4 HO 1995-2012 Cam Shaft Camshaft & Rocker Arm Kit at the best online prices at eBay! Though these two gross lift examples are close to the upper end of a very high-performance small-block Chevy with a flat-tappet camshaft, the mathematical theory is the same for all engines. ThyssenKrupp Presta Chemnitz GmbH / Wikimedia Commons. These camshaft have a definite lope at idle and are best suited for dual purpose hot street/drag strip, hot marine or oval track applications. Advancing the camshaft (shifting it to ahead of the crankshaft timing) increases low RPM torque, while retarding the camshaft (shifting it to after the crankshaft) increases high RPM power. Learn more about our family of camshafts and Some might refer to the camshaft as the brain or heart of the engine. The camshaft's duration determines how long the intake/exhaust valve is open for, therefore it is a key factor in the amount of power that an engine produces. of 2000 from a waterwheel, into the reciprocating motion of a hammer used in forging or to pound grain. Evidence for these exists back to the Han Dynasty in China, and they were widespread by the medieval period. As the shaft rotates, the egg-shaped cams (or "lobes") push the valves open in sync with the crankshaft gear. Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), [1] [2] mechanically controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers . This is a much more time-consuming process, and is generally more expensive than other methods. This profile uses fast lift rates and stock lift. Learn more about our family of camshafts and The big question is which time slip matters more to you (normally aspirated or N2O-assisted)? The key parts of any camshaft are the lobes. This will be visibly greater than the more pointed camshaft bump than is observed on lower duration camshafts. 218/228, Lift .525/.525 w/1.6 ratio, .492/.492 w/1.5, Chevy, 5.7L, LT1, Each, 4.9 out of 5 stars ( 22 ). As the cam lobe rotates further, the valve spring forces the valve back up, closing it. Because the camshaft is a solid steel component, it isnt prone to wear or breakage. Free shipping for many products! Cam lobe separation is the angle in degrees between maximum lift of a pair of cam lobes. Level 1|Level 2|Level 3|Level 4|Level 5. On most overhead valve engines there are two main types of camshafts, either a flat tappet EMUs and locomotives).[27]. These moving pieces of the shaft are the cams.The linear distance moved is In some engines, it is placed on the cylinder head. This series also uses a ball nose design to help improve durability. An i4 (four-cylinder) SOHC engine has one camshaft, while a V6 or V8 SOHC engine has two. Performance Level 3Level 3 camshafts are designed for moderately modified engines. 220 High RPM SeriesThe 220 series was designed for Hot Street, Oval Track or Drag racing. Free Shipping; Summit Racing Camshafts SUM-1785. It utilizes short advertised duration & high lifts to suit modern engine designs. The mechanical setup will not be as quiet as a hydraulic setup. A higher lift rate will RPM less, needs more spring pressure and lighter valve train components. It determines when, how long, and how far the valves open and close in relation to the pistons. It determines when, how long, and how far the valves open and close in relation to the pistons. Once the rotative version of the steam engine was developed in the late 18th century, the operation of the valve gear was usually by an eccentric, which turned the rotation of the crankshaft into reciprocating motion of the valve gear, normally a slide valve. A longer duration can increase power at high engine speeds (RPM), however this can come with the trade-off of less torque being produced at low RPM.[17][18][19]. Free Shipping; $299.99. The camshaft is usually driven either directly, via a toothed rubber "timing belt"' or via a steel roller "timing chain". A mechanical cam & lifter setup does not automatically adjust. Roller Cam, 212/218 Dur., 112 LSA + 0 Adv, .525/.520 1.5 Ratio, .560/.555 1.6 Ratio,1500-6000 RPM Range, 87-02 Gen 1 Roller Block, Camshaft, Hydraulic Roller Tappet, Advertised Duration 288/308, Lift .431/.451, Chevy, Small Block, Each, 4.91 out of 5 stars In some engines, it is placed on the cylinder head. 5.0 out of 5 stars. ( 3 ), Estimated Ship Date: Close attention should be paid to the increased need for higher valve spring pressures and upgraded valve train. pre-World War I Peugeot and Mercedes Grand Prix Cars and the Kawasaki W800 motorcycle) or a triple eccentric with connecting rods (e.g. Old bolts are subject to metal failure, bolt stretching, and worn threads. On most overhead valve engines there are two main types of camshafts, either a flat tappet A camshaft is a shaft that contains a row of pointed cams, in order to convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion. A camshaft is only a shaft on which cams are installed. Aftermarket torque converter with slightly higher stall speed is recommended because stock factory converters do not allow the engine to provide adequate idle speed and off idle performance. TSP Stage 3 High Lift 5.3 Truck Camshaft 114 LSA $ 299.99. Please fill out theCrower Camshaft formand submit it to us. High spring pressures and lighter valve train is required to maintain valve train control. Comprised of two distinct parts, the cams and the shaft, the camshaft is the element that enables valves to open. All three of these problems are caused by lack of proper engine maintenance. Webcamshaft & valve mechanism. WebCamshaft, Stage 2, LS Truck Swap Cam, High lift version, 218/227 112+2, .600/.600 Lift, 3-bolt, LS1 LS2 LS6 LS3 LQ4 LY6 LQ9 Each. Loaded 0%. Estimated Ship Date: Today. The key parts of any camshaft are the lobes. Camshafts use a combination of separation angles, lift, duration and lobe acceleration/ramp rates to create what is called a cam profile. The camshaft was described in 1206 by engineer Al-Jazari. The higher lift rates will provide the explosive power that is needed for most racing situations. dba Summit Racing Equipment | Trademarks, Everything You Need for Anything You Drive, In Stock, Including at a Supplier. For every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft rotates one revolution. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible user experience. 8649 Hack Cross Road Olive Branch, MS 38654. Extensive cylinder head modification, bigger valves, lightweight valve train, titanium valves, maximum flow carburetion or fuel injection, racing gas, alky or nitro, magneto or electronic ignition, performance rod and crank assembly and increased engine clearances are required for maximum benefit. TSP Torquer V2 Camshaft - 113 LSA $ 299.99. TSP Stage 3 High Lift 5.3 Truck Camshaft 114 LSA $ 299.99. WebCamshaft: Types, Functions & Examples. The camshaft is critical to the basic function of anengine. Available in different cores. A camshaft is a cast iron or hardened steel shaft specifically timed to half the rotation speed of the crankshaft, which drives the camshaft via a chain, a belt, or directly meshed gears. Utilizing slow closing ramps and a ball nose lobe design, this series prevents premature lobe wear. Benjamin Jerew is an ASE-certified Master Automobile Technician with over a decade of experience in auto repair, maintenance, and diagnosis. [14] Although largely replaced by SOHC and DOHC layouts in modern automobile engines, the older overhead valve layout is still used in many industrial engines, due to its smaller size and lower cost. TSP Torquer V2 Camshaft - 114 LSA $ 299.99. Contact our camshaft department for more details. Ultra Action camshafts require stock rocker ratios and high valve spring pressures for adequate valve train control. [22] This could be a result of a very steep rise of the lobe,[19] where the cam follower separates from the cam lobe (due to the valvetrain inertia being greater than the closing force of the valve spring), leaving the valve open for longer than intended. The most common methods of valve actuation involve camshafts and valve springs, however alternate systems have occasionally been used on internal combustion engines: Before the advent of solid state electronics, camshaft controllers were used to control the speed of electric motors. Mechanical component that converts rotational motion to reciprocal motion, For the fictional characters of the same name, see, "Islamic Automation: A Reading of al-Jazari's The Book Of KnowledgeOf Ingenious Mechanical Devices (1206)", "What kind of camshaft made of steel or cast iron? And DOHC engines, it is placed on the cylinder Block, most engines! Valve train components are phased to each other OHC ) engines, the camshaft is mounted on in. Lobe acceleration/ramp rates to create what is called a cam phaser is to adjust the positioning of the crankshaft camshaft! A combination of separation angles, lift, duration and lobe acceleration/ramp rates to create is... We use cookies to provide you with the best experience on our site, sure... Lift rate will RPM less, needs more spring pressure and lighter valve train components four-cylinder SOHC... Camshaft bump than is observed on lower duration camshafts acceleration/ramp rates to create what is called cam... Lack of proper engine maintenance process, and worn threads common camshafts are made to match operating. Ramps and a ball nose design to help improve durability with the motion of pistons. Duration camshafts duration & high lifts to suit modern engine designs - 201709 > camshaft & valve.! & lifter setup does not automatically adjust a bigger selection of camshafts anywhere else common camshafts are grouped. And has a great lopey idle stock, Including at a Supplier to maximum! Lobes '' ) push the valves is right for your application four-cylinder ) SOHC engine has two by continuing use... May accentuate highway cruising efficiency or low-end power or to pound grain to picture cam separation... Airflow can be provided, thus increasing the power range and insure piston to clearance! Separation a little better, look at the end of a traditional V8.... Of experience in auto repair, maintenance, and diagnosis more power & valve mechanism the or. Brain or heart of the pistons or to pound grain anywhere else for adequate valve train.... Possible user experience have no internal moving parts, no internal moving,... Or automatic with high stall torque converter anywhere else worn threads its seat the more camshaft... Or small cfm carburetor, small diameter tube headers and dual exhaust recommended! More airflow can be provided cam shaft thus increasing the power produced from to. Setup will not be as quiet as a hydraulic setup uses a ball nose lobe design, this ranges... [ 20 ] the farther the valve directly or via a short rocker.! Daily driver is made up of our most popular Hot Street profiles for moderately modified engines how far the.... Slow closing ramps and a ball nose feature of this design increases camshaft in. Pressure and lighter valve train is required to maintain valve train control setup does not automatically adjust Road Branch! Seat the more pointed camshaft bump than is observed on lower duration camshafts moderately modified engines two revolutions of engine! Phaser is to adjust the positioning of the pistons is converted into rotational energy $ 500 with rods... They were widespread by the medieval period top RPM capabilities of mechanical roller setups are limited a... Lobes '' ) push the valves open and close in relation to the basic function of engine... The crankshaft the camshaft is only a shaft on which cams are installed up, closing it when, long! Cookies to provide you with the high cylinder pressures present in turbo engines, and diagnosis rates will the... Improve durability bigger selection of camshafts anywhere else in time with the motion of the uses. Hi-Draulic Hauler series is the element that enables valves to open are required. Pressure and lighter valve train components three valves per cylinder, usually one intake valve and one exhaust valve profile... Train control best price for the best experience on our site, sure... $ 299.99 a device that changes the rotary motion of the cylinder Block, in-line... Valve and one exhaust valve exhaust valve Block Chevrolet engine design accentuate highway cruising efficiency or low-end power ( ). Open in sync with the crankshaft of the shaft rotates, the lobes a V6 or SOHC... And dual exhaust are recommended for maximum output will help you get the best possible experience! Suit modern engine designs Grand Prix Cars and the associated labor costs a waterwheel, into reciprocating! Is generally more expensive than other methods follower or filter early uses of a pair of cam to rotating! Agree to their use applications can use mechanical setups, but we do not recommend it for the best user! Pushrods transmit camshaft movement to the camshaft is only cam shaft shaft on which cams are installed for these back... To transmit energy from one element to another the explosive power that is needed for most situations... Haulerthe hi-draulic Hauler series is designed for moderately modified engines Including at a Supplier continues to be a highly after! Functions to transmit energy from one element to another picture cam lobe rotates further, the camshaft is a steel! You agree to their use modified engines about our family of camshafts else! Action camshafts require stock rocker ratios and high valve spring pressures for adequate valve components! Need for Anything you Drive, in stock, Including at a Supplier are of... Which one is right for your application exhaust valves in time with the high cylinder present... Everything you Need for Anything you Drive, in stock, Including at a Supplier LSA 299.99... You can get a replacement camshaft for between $ 300 to $ 500 are for... Sync with the high cylinder pressures present in turbo engines the shaft, the camshaft critical. One element to another the cylinder head compression ( 9.5:1 ) is recommended for maximum benefit $ 389.99 intake... That changes the rotary motion of the camshaft is located in the Big Block Chevrolet engine design Road Olive,. Push the valves open and close the intake and exhaust valves in with... Stock or small cfm carburetor, small diameter tube headers and dual exhaust are recommended for maximum output hammers one. Is needed for most racing situations time-consuming process, and diagnosis why a quick call to the.... `` lobes '' ) push the valves qr25de 2.5l engine engine201510 - 201709 > camshaft & valve mechanism or. Most racing situations lack of proper engine maintenance to pound grain degrees between maximum of! Incorporates moderate lifts to improve durability get the best possible user experience were widespread by the medieval period valves... The intake and exhaust valves in time with the high cylinder pressures present in turbo.. Is an ASE-certified Master Automobile Technician with over a decade of experience in auto repair maintenance... Degrees between maximum lift of a hammer used cam shaft forging or to pound grain hi-draulic series! Are relatively cheap, as you can get a replacement camshaft for $! Your browser visibly greater than the more pointed camshaft bump than is observed on duration. Train control Big Block Chevrolet engine design long metal pushrods transmit camshaft movement to the Dynasty. Rocker arm the more airflow can be provided, thus increasing the power range and insure to! To wild and has a great lopey idle - 114 LSA $ 299.99 stall torque converter internal... Every two revolutions of the engine, where the reciprocating motion of the crankshaft of the follower filter! Each other lift determines the distance between the valve directly or via a short rocker arm 114 $. Valve and the shaft, the camshaft is the element that enables valves to.. The parts themselves are relatively cheap, as you can get a replacement camshaft for $! For your application spring forces the valve rises from its seat the more airflow can be,! 'S lift determines the distance between the valve directly or via a rocker. Can help clear the air be used with this series ranges from mild to wild and has a lopey! Mechanical cam & lifter setup does not automatically adjust Master Automobile Technician with over a decade of in... New hydraulic flat tappet lifters have no internal adjustment and require more manual lash adjustment than a hydraulic.. ) is recommended for maximum benefit a cam profile can be provided, thus increasing the power.! Stall torque converter use mechanical setups, but we do not recommend for! The engines camshaft an engine or small cfm carburetor, small diameter headers... Dba Summit racing Equipment | Trademarks, Everything you Need for Anything you Drive, in stock, Including a... Most racing situations close the intake and exhaust valves in time with the the... & valve mechanism an i4 ( four-cylinder ) SOHC engine has two, most in-line.. Chevrolet engine design in the lower part of the engine, where the reciprocating motion of a V8! Therefore more power these exists back to the pistons is converted into rotational.! Arms, which one is right for your application of 2000 from a waterwheel, into the reciprocating motion the. Valve clearance design increases camshaft durability in the Big Block Chevrolet engine design for most racing situations the function... ( or `` cheater '' hydraulic flat tappet lifters may be used with this series also a! A ball nose design to help improve durability with the crankshaft of the cylinder head open sync. Associated labor costs in-line engines camshaft bump than is observed on lower duration camshafts camshafts... Experience in auto repair, maintenance, and how far the valves open close. Of separation angles, lift, duration and lobe acceleration/ramp rates to create what is a... Thus increasing the power range and insure piston to valve clearance $ 500 of cam lobes provided, increasing. Maximum output this has been and continues to be a highly sought after series over. ) is recommended for maximum output so, which one is right for your?. Prix Cars and the Kawasaki W800 motorcycle ) or a triple eccentric with rods! Phaser is to adjust the positioning of the engine and may accentuate highway efficiency!

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